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- An epidemiological study involved 674 workers of a vinyl chloride (a plastic manufacturing chemical) manufacturing plant. The study aimed to determine an association between exposure to vinyl chloride and liver cancer. Out of 200 workers who routinely worked in vinyl chloride production area, 15 developed liver cancer. Another group of workers consisting of individuals with smoking histories similar to the plant workers, and who were unlikely to have encountered vinyl chloride, had 24 develop liver cancers and 450 who did not develop liver cancer. a. Given the above information, fill in the 2x2 table below: Exposed: Plant workers Not Exposed: Control group TOTAL b. Calculate the relative risk Developed Liver Cancer Did not Develop Liver Cancer TOTAL 674A group of researchers wanted to evaluate the effectiveness of mask-wearing, handwashing, social distancing, and other personal protective measures in preventing COVID-19 infections They recruited two groups of participants. Those in group 1 tested positive for COVID-19, whereas those in group 2 tested negative for COVID-19. Each of the participants in each group had a history of recent contact with someone who was confirmed COVID-19 positive . Thereafter, participants in each group were asked whether they wore a face mask, the type of mask, and the frequency of wearing a mask; whether and how frequently they practiced handwashing; and whether they complied with social distancing guidelines. The above describes which of the following epidemiological study designs ? a. Cohort study b. Descriptive study c. Cross-sectional study d. Case-control studyAn enzyme immunoassay for the detection of chlamydia trachomatis in cervical specimens has a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 98% when compared with culture. This test will be used by an HMO to screen women of reproductive age who are receiving their annual examination. A previous study, which used culture to screen 1000 women, determined that the prevalence of infection was 2%. In this population, which of the following is the predictive value of a positive screening test?
- Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory disease. Below is a graph showing the prevalence of cases of pertussis in England and Wales. Answer ALL of the following questions based on the graph. 1) What do the orange and the green lines signify? 2) Make TWO inferences on the relationship between the orange and the green lines. 3) Estimate within a 5-year span, the approximate time that a vaccine for pertussis became available.A 65-year-old woman has a long-term central venous catheter for intravenous therapy. She develops fever and subsequently has multiple blood cultures positive for Staphylococcus epidermidis. All of the S. epidermidis isolates have the same colony morphology and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, suggesting that they are the same strain. In what possible way do you think she has contracted the bacteria? Which link in the chain of infection has broken in this particular scenario and what will be your advice to avoid such infections?a) A new test for onuriangiema has a 0.78 probability of positive given a sick patient and a 0.75 probability of a negative given a healthy patient. If the probability of someone in the general population having onuriangiema is 0.34, then what is the probability a positive result means someone has the disease? Give three digits past the decimal point. b) A new test for onuriangiema has a 0.78 probability of positive given a sick patient and a 0.75 probability of a negative given a healthy patient. If the probability of someone in the general population having onuriangiema is 0.34, then what is the probability a negative result means someone has the disease? Give three digits past the decimal point. c) Assume a Hardy-Weinberg distribution for the recessive condition tercho If 9/16 of the population are homozygous dominant then what fraction have tercho? Give three digits past the decimal point.
- Infection rates for many STIs continue to be highest among young people (typically defined as around 15–24 years old). What are some reasons for this? What would you recommend to increase prevention or encourage testing or treatment among this group?Propose a simple model of Covid 19 which describes the four forms of disease. 1) Subclinical form, 2) Acute form with recovery, 3) Acute form with Lethal Outcome, 4) Chronic formWhat are some epidemiological differences between the 1918 influenza pandemic and the 2019 Covid-19 pandemic?
- Streptococcus pneumoniae occurs in two colony morphs: smooth and rough. Smooth colonies are virulent and infection of this strain can be lethal. Rough colonies are not virulent. You come across three samples labeled "A", “B" and "C." You inject these samples, singly or in combination, into mice and observe different effects as shown in the table below. You also recover blood samples from each test group to determine if you can isolate bacterial cells. a. Given the assumption that each sample contained only one cell type or extract, what was in each of the samples? b. Explain your answers. Sample Response Type of cells injected of mice A B recovered from blood dead live S cells none none live R cells live S cells live R and live S cells C none A+B dead A+C dead dead B+C А+В+С dead live S cells live S cellsIn an outbreak of varicella (chickenpox) in Oregon in 2002, varicella was diagnosed in 21 of 160 vaccinated children compared with 2 of 9 unvaccinated children. The data are shown in the table below. Calculate an odds ratio for this data. Vaccinated Unvaccinated Total .95 .04 .53 Varicella None of the above 21 2 23 Non-case 139 7 146 Total Scenario and data modified from Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice, Third Edition: An Introduction to Applied Epidemiology and Biostatistics. Choose one best answer. (round up to the second decimal) 160 9 169What is the implication of the article "What Affected Primary Care patients'decision to receive the seosonal influenza vaccine in the 2020 to 2021 season?" In preventive and COMMUNITY-BASE HEALTH care?
