Innate behavior allows animals to respond instantly. The simplest innate behaviors are reflex actions. Discuss the difference between an animal reflex from an instinct. Cite specific examples to illustrate your concepts.
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Innate behavior allows animals to respond instantly. The simplest innate behaviors are reflex actions. Discuss the difference between an animal reflex from an instinct. Cite specific examples to illustrate your concepts.
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- Give six (6) examples of adaptation. (The definition of adaptation is in the picture)The acquisition of memories can be demonstrated in rodents on a T-maze task. In this task, a food reward is placed in one of two arms of a T. Over many trials, a rodent is required to learn which arm contains the reward. In an experiment to determine whether the gene Homeriav is involved in memory, a mouse was trained on a T-maze. The results over five trials of training are shown: a. This task tests both innate and learned behaviors. Describe the innate behavior tested by this task. Explain how innate behaviors contribute to the survival of a species. b. A scientist reviewing this experiment notes that insufficient controls were performed to determine whether mutations in Homer1aV affects the function of physiological systems outside of the nervous system. Identify a physiological system outside of the nervous system that contributes to the performance of this task. Explain how the function of this system contributes to the task. c. Describe how the consumption of food by the rodent…The prefrontal cortex receives extensive input from the amygdala, and it uses information about emotion to make the final determination about whether to engage in a specific behavior. Bechara and his colleagues conducted a study on decision-making that compared healthy individuals to patients with damage to the prefrontal cortex. Which of the following statements about this research is FALSE? A) Over time, patients with prefrontal injuries did not produce anticipatory reactions (sweating) before making a "risky" decision. B) At first, both groups of individuals chose the "risky" option more often. C) Both the healthy individuals and the patients eventually switched to the "safer" option once they figured out how the game worked. D) Over time, healthy individuals began to produce a strong anticipatory reaction (sweating) before making a "risky" decision.
- List four factors that might influence the reaction time to a stimulus .Consider the ruler drop response time test you performed; do you believe it was valid and reliable? Why or why not ? Provide justifications for your answer. [Hints: Here are a few ideas. Will you conduct many tests on the same subjects (that means the people you are testing))? Is it necessary to use averages? Are there any precautions to take? [Are there any variables that must remain constant?]Cooperative behaviour is widely found among animals. Provide the following: 1) an example of cooperative behaviour between genetically related individuals 2) an example of cooperative behaviour between unrelated individuals. For each of the examples, also describe the mechanism(s) involved in maintaining cooperative behaviours during their interactions.Long-distance runners (26.2 miles) describe Runner’s High as a feeling of euphoria. It is often described as a feeling of being invincible and individuals claim a lost sense of time while running. Runner’s high is believed to be caused by very small molecules called endocannabinoids released by the brain that affect the way a person feels, moves, and reacts. Based on the information above what you know of interacting systems, which of the following two are correct? A. If the release of endocannabinoid molecules is increased, the runner will not experience the feeling of euphoria and will stop running. B. The muscular system is not affected by the release of endocannabinoids, which are released by the nervous system. C. If the function of the nervous system is compromised and endocannabinoids are not released, the function of the muscular system is affected and prolonged endurance will be jeopardized. D. The release of endocannabinoids at the cellular level plays an indirect…
- Jeremy stubbed his toe on his dresser. He immediately began rubbing his toe to ease the pain. Which concept best explains this method of pain reduction? Expectancy theory Gate-control theory Opponent-process theory Phantom limb Trichromatic theoryAn experiment with squirrels revealed that they make alarm sounds when a model of an owl is placed near them. When a red cube, about the same size as an owl is placed there, there seems to be no alarm. Which of the following best explains this reaction? The owl model is the ultimate cause of alarm vocalization behavior. The owl model, but not the red cube, triggers the fixed action pattern of alarm vocalizations. The squirrel is trying to attract the owl into its territory. The squirrels cannot see red objects, and so do not make alarm sounds. 0000Based on what you know about how Serotonin and Octopamine function, do the results of the Octopamine injection make sense? Results: After injecting the Octopamine, the crayfish showed aggressive behavior(either resident male or intruder female/male) Why do you say so? What might explain your results?
- Animals have evolved a range of strategies to successfully respond to threats and challenges. One of these strategies is the ability to learn. As we discussed, not every animal can learn and there are clear costs and benefits to this strategy. Suggest one benefit of the ability to learn and one potential cost. Briefly explain each. (1-2 sentences for each) Since learning is not universal, under which circumstances would it be most likely be a successful strategy? We discussed a framework that examines the influence of predictability on the success of learning ability. Describe this framework. Make sure you discuss all the available conditions and clearly state under which we would expect learning to be successful and where we would not expect it to be successful. What would be an alternative strategy to regulate behaviour when learning is not suitable? Briefly explain your choice. (2-3 sentences)Single cell recordings in the dorsal stream (parietal areas) tell us about the mechanisms involved in action control. All of the following is true, EXCEPT: a. All listed here are correct b. Neurons in different parietal areas support the link between gaze-centered neurons area to the body-centered neurons c. Some neurons signal whether to move eyes and some neurons signal whether to move hands d. Some neurons in the anterior intraparietal area respond to 3D shapes that vary in size/orientation, but not to 2D shapes e. Some neurons respond based on the position of an object in relation to the hand f. Neurons in the parietal cortex are allocentric and they exhibit activity that reflects learned movementsIn the Posner cueing paradigm, the participant maintains fixation at the central point. Cues indicate whether the target will appear on the left or the right. In most trials, the cue is valid; that is, the target appears on the indicated side. But in some trials, the cue is invalid; that is, the target appears on the opposite side of the cue. The experimenters measure the reaction time to indicate that the target is present. The results show that ______. Question 58 options: participants are relatively faster when the cue is invalid reaction time increases for valid trials participants are relatively faster when the cue is valid maintaining fixation reduces reaction time significantly The Chan Shun concert hall in Vancouver has excellent acoustics. Considering this, the hall probably ______. Question 60 options: has a reverberation time of six seconds…