Increased ROS levels are a hallmark for Alzheimer's Disease. This is accurately described by all but which of the following statements?ROS production is upregulated because of the activity of the enzyme NADPH oxidaseOxidative phosphorylation is increased, leading to enhanced ROS generation via the ETCAmyloid precursor protein is converted in higher amounts to the amyloid peptide facilitating greater amounts of aggregationBACE1 levels are transcriptionally increased via hypoxia inducible factorMitochondrial pyruvate flux is reduced00000

Within a cell, reactive oxygen species are produced as a byproduct of oxygen metabolism and the cell…

Answered: Increased ROS levels are a hallmark for…

Biology 2e

2nd Edition

ISBN:9781947172517

Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Publisher:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Chapter9: Cell Communication

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1VCQ: Figure 9.8 HER2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase. In 30 percent of human breast cancers, HER2 is...

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What is meant by intrinsic GTPase activity? Exchange of GDP for GTP on the a-subunit of the G protein Inhibition of GBCR receptor activity Activation of Adenylyl Cyclades Breakdown of cAMP by phosphodiesterase Spontaneous hydrolysis of GTP on the a-subunit of the G-protein
Describe the general function and structural features of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Be sure to include an explanation of GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) and GDP exchange factors (GEFs) in the context of the GTPase cycle. How are different classes of heterotrimeric G-proteins defined?
The progressive loss of cardiac myocytes due to cell death has been associated with cardiac dysfunction and heart failure. Which of the following would lead to a significant loss of cardiac myocytes? Select all that apply Treatment of rapamycin which results in inhibition of mTOR activity Prolonged or severe ER stress with increased accumulation of unfolded proteins Activation of AMPK and phosphorylation of the TSC1 complex mTOR activation and phosphorylation of Ulk1
Which of the following best describes the use of 2-deoxyglucose in allowing for cancer therapy? Elevates p53 levels directly to regulate glycolytic flux Blocks activation of HIF1transcriptional activation Diminishes lactate production by inhibiting lactate dehydrogenase to allow increased levels of pyruvate to force the transport of pyruvate into the matrix and the function of the TCA cycle Diminishes lactate export from the cell to allow increased levels of pyruvate to force the transport of pyruvate into the matrix and the function of the TCA cycle Competes with glucose for hexokinase, allowing inhibition of glycolytic flux, reducing ATP production.
Which of the following is NOT regulated by glucagon? Glut-4 transporters protein kinase A Phosphorylase Hormone sensitive lipase O Gluconeogenesis The site of post-translational cleavage of biologically active proteins is often marked by: O methylated tyrosines. O pairs of basic amino acids. O disulfide bridges. O iodinated methionines. O heme-iron complexes. The selection of a specific promoter to activate during mRNA synthesis is determined by: O RNA polymerase I. O RNA primase. O a specific transcription factor. O cell cycle kinases. O RNA polymerase II.
In the normal cycle of Ras activity, when Ras is bound to y activity that removes a phosphate to convert GTP back to GDP and this it is inactive. Activation of Ras involves exchanging GDP for The Ras protein has intrinsic Ras. inactivates activates ATP GTP «< Questic A Moving to another question will save this response. ADP GDP GTPase Clo nuclease
Some strains of bacteria or microorganisms have developed toxins that can modify the activity of the alpha subunit of G proteins which results in disease. For ex. cholera toxin, produced by Vibrio cholerae, causes ADP ribosylation of the stimulatory Gαs subunit of G proteins. This modification abolishes the GTPase of Gαs, and results in an αs subunit that is always in the “on” or active state. It results in continuous stimulation of adenylyl cyclase (AC). The main cells affected by this are the epithelial cell in gastrointestinal tract. Knowing this altered activity of AC, explain why patients affected by this toxin experience severe diarrhea and dehydration that may result in death.
How is cigarette smoking related to elastase function? Methionine sulfoxide is formed by cigarette smoke in the antitrypsin protein, which leads to the full manifestation of the disease in individuals heterozygous for emphysema. Oxidation of methionine 358 by cigarette smoke of the elastase inhibitor active site leads to an increased inhibition of elastase and subsequent overaccumulation of mucus in the lungs. The inhibitor of elastase is axidized by cigarette smoke so elastase doesn't function properly in healthy individuals. Cigarette smoke modifies the elastase methionine residues such that the enzyme activity is blocked.
Stimulation of map kinase can help regulate cell division and cell mass. the following effects of map kinase activation explains an increase in cell mass. Phosphorylation of RSK (kinase and the subsequent phosphorylation of S6 ribosomal subunit. Phosphorylation of myosin light chain Phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase phosphorylation of histone H1 none of these
ATP is both an inhibitor and substrate of adenyl cyclase. As a substrate, the enzyme converts ATP to cyclic AMP only when the energy sources of cells are low. cAMP mediates the synthesis of a kinase that adds a phosphate to glycogen synthase and phosphorylase. The Km value of the active site is 3.5 x 10-5M while the Km for the allosteric site is 1.7 x 10-3M. What is the implication of the difference in Km value of the active and allosteric site in terms of the utilization of the stored sources of energy of cells? Explain.
Describe the intracellular, biochemical downstream signal cascade that results from the binding of menthol to TRPM8
Hormone H regulates these effects via its receptors which are found at both the cell surface (csRH) and within the cell (içRH). The signalling pathways that become activated in the presence of hormone H are depicted and described below. hormone H. H H extracellular fluid inactive GTP inactive RAS Lyn cell-surface receptor for H (csR») icR GDP RAS-GTP hexose metabolism cell survival H icR G, phase (resting) Raf HK GSK-3P MEK M G2 icR - hexose kinase ERK promoter HRE CDK1 Cyclin A nucleus cyclin A Fos A promoter Created in BioRender.com bio Signalling via the cell surface receptor Hormone H mediates its cell cycle stimulatory and pro-survival effects by binding to and activating the cell surface hormone H receptor (csRH). The activated CSRH activates Lyn, which activates RAS and ultimately the Raf/MEK/ERK kinase cascade. Active ERK: o phosphorylates and inactivates GSK-3B. Inhibition of GSK-3ß promotes cell survival. inhibits p27, preventing it from inhibiting cell cycle progression.…

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