In step 7 of the citric acid cycle, fumarase catalyzes the addition of a water molecule to a carbon–carbon double bond (see Panel 13¬–2). Can this be considered an oxidation reaction? Explain your answer.
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In step 7 of the citric acid cycle, fumarase catalyzes the addition of a water molecule to a carbon–carbon double bond (see Panel 13¬–2). Can this be considered an oxidation reaction? Explain your answer.
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- Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms carry out some form of glycolysis. How does ha fact support or not support the assertion that glycolysis is one of the oldest metabolic pathways?Perform a pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction and a single turn of the citric acid cycle using an oxaloacetate molecule uniformly labeled with 18O and one pyruvate molecule uniformly labeled with 14C. Highlight the fate of all radioactively labeled atoms when complete.What is the citric acid cycle? Provide a schematic diagram of the citric acid cycle with chemical structures of each compound in the cycle. Indicate the cofactors and products at each step as well as the name of each of the enzymes involved.
- Although molecular oxygen (O2) does not participate directly in any of the reactions of the citric acid cycle, the cycle operates only when O2 is present. Explain this observation.What is the significance of substrate-level phosphorylation reactions? Which of the reactions in the citric acid cycle involve a substrate-level phosphorylation? Name another example from a biochemical pathway with which you are familiar.There are eight chemical reactions that occur in the citric acid cycle process. The reactions of the citric acid cycle are shown in the figure below. Several classes of organic reactions like these classes include esterification, decarboxylation, hydration reactions, dehydration of alcohols, oxidation of alcohols, oxidation of aldehydes, reduction of aldehydes, and reduction of ketones. Find at least one of these reaction classes in the citric acid cycle. List the reaction number and the reaction. Write a sentence or two on how you were able to make the classification.
- Does any step of the citric acid cycle directly produce ATP? Explain.The reaction pictured is an oxidation-reduction reaction in the citric acid cycle in which the energy-carrier molecule NADH is generated. Identify which molecule in the reaction will be oxidized and which molecule will be reduced. Place a single answer choice in each box. COO- HO-C-H H-C-H COO- Malate NAD+ NADH + H+ Oxidized malate oxaloacetate COO- H-C-H ī COO- Oxaloacetate Reduced NADH NAD+The citric acid cycle is frequently described as the major pathway of aerobic catabolism, which means that it is an oxygen-dependent degradative process. However, none of the reactions of the cycle directly involve oxygen as a reactant. Why is the pathway oxygen dependent?
- There are eight chemical reactions that occur in the citric acid cycle process. The reactions of the citric acid cycle are shown in the figure below. acetyl-coenzyme A 0 CH₂-C-CoA HO-CH Reaction 7 O malate CH₂ CH || CH fumarate FADH₂ Reaction 6 FAD H+ + NADH NAD+ 1,0 H₂C CH₂ CH₂ Reaction 8 succinate ADP 0=C GTP CH₂ oxaloacetate Reaction 5 H-COA GDP ATP H₂O Reaction 1 C Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle CH₂ CH₂ H-COA 0=C 1 CoA succinyl-CoA H+ HO-C Reaction CO₂ с CH₂ NADH CH₂ citrate Reaction 2 H-COA Reaction 3 CO₂ I CH₂ T CH₂ 0=C NAD+ HO–CH a-ketoglutarate CH, CH isocitrate NAD+ H+ + NADH In chapters 9 and 10, you were introduced to several classes of organic reactions. These classes include esterification, decarboxylation, hydration reactions, dehydration of alcohols, oxidation of alcohols, oxidation of aldehydes, reduction of aldehydes, and reduction of ketones. Find at least one of these reaction classes in the citric acid cycle. List the reaction number and the reaction. Write a…ATP is an ALLOSTERIC INHIBITOR of the phosphofructokinase enzyme, which is a key catalyst for one of the first steps of Glycolysis. Citrate (citric acid) is a 6-carbon product of the first reaction of the Krebs Cycle (aka Citric Acid Cycle). Interestingly, Citrate enhances the inhibitory effect of ATP on phosphofructokinase. What is a likely explanation for the inhibitory effects of these molecules? Excess ATP and Citrate signal the cell that Glycolysis should be speeded up. Excess ATP and Citrate signal a positive feedback loop. Excess ATP and Citrate signal the cell that Glycolysis should be slowed. Excess ATP and Citrate compete for the active site of phosphofructokinase.In order for fatty acids to enter the mitochondria to be catabolized via β-oxidation, they must first be reacted with coenzyme A (reaction ①). Use the equations below to answer parts a-c. ① Fatty Acid + CoA → Fatty Acid—CoA ΔG = ??? ② ATP → AMP + PPi ΔG = ─45.6 kJ/mol ③ PPi → 2 Pi ΔG = ─19.2 kJ/mol ④ Fatty Acid + ATP + CoA → FA—CoA + AMP + 2 Pi ΔG = ─34 kJ/mol a) Calculate ΔG for reaction 1. b) Suppose the formation of the fatty acid--CoA proceeded via the reaction of ATP to ADP instead of AMP. Calculate ΔG for reaction 5. ① Fatty Acid + CoA → Fatty Acid—CoA ΔG = from part a ② ATP → ADP + Pi ΔG = ─30.5 kJ/mol ⑤ Fatty Acid + ATP + CoA → FA—CoA + ADP + Pi ΔG = ??? kJ c) So why does the…