In a cohort study, men were classified as having high or low cholesterol levels. Among the group with low cholesterol levels there were 50 heart attacks in 5000 person-years of follow-up and among the group with high cholesterol levels there were 150 heart attacks in 6000 person-years of follow-up. 1. What was the incidence of heart attack among men with low cholesterol levels? 2. What was the incidence of heart attack among men with high cholesterol levels? 3. What was the incidence of heart attack all men? 4. If high cholesterol levels are a cause of heart attack, what proportion of heart attacks in men could theoretically be prevented if nobody had a high cholesterol level?
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In a cohort study, men were classified as having high or low cholesterol levels. Among the group with low cholesterol levels there were 50 heart attacks in 5000 person-years of follow-up and among the group with high cholesterol levels there were 150 heart attacks in 6000 person-years of follow-up.
1. What was the incidence of heart attack among men with low cholesterol levels?
2. What was the incidence of heart attack among men with high cholesterol levels?
3. What was the incidence of heart attack all men?
4. If high cholesterol levels are a cause of heart attack, what proportion of heart attacks in men could theoretically be prevented if nobody had a high cholesterol level?
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- A cohort study looks at the relationship between estrogen use and the risk of breast cancer. A total of 4555 estrogen users and 4495 nonusers are enrolled in the study and followed up for 15 years for the development of breast cancer. In the estrogen-using group, 212 women developed breast cancer, and in the non-using group 298 women developed breast cancer. 9. What is the computed relative risk for breast cancer developed among estrogen users?A. 0.591 B. 0.613 C. 0.702 D. 0.833 Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or byany means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictlyprohibited. 210. What is the most appropriate scale of measurement to be used based on the given problem set?A. Risk ratioB. Odds ratioC. Absolute riskD. Cumulative incidence11. How many…A group of 156 heart attack patients who were regular smokers up to the time of their heart attacks were followed for ten years. Among them, 75 patients continued to smoke after their heart attacks and 81 quit after their heart attacks. Of the 75 patients that continued smoking, 27 had a second heart attack during the ten years of follow-up, and of the patients who quit, 14 had a second heart attack during the 10 years of follow-up. What is the risk ratio for the association between continued smoking and second heart attack? Round to two decimal placesOut of the experimental designs, two-group pretest-posttest design, two-group posttest design, Solomon four-group design, multiple experimental group design, and factorial design. Which of these would be best for researching the impact of diet on hypertension? What makes that design a better choice?
- Paper Assignment A study was conducted on patients with liver disease and some of their observations were included in the attached excel sheet. Use the dataset provided to answer the following questions: Q. 1. Write a statistical summary for participants' demographic and health details that include important variables such as Albumin Level, Age, Gender, Systolic BP, and Smoking Status. Point- 5 Q. 2. Compute most appropriate measure of central tendency and dispersion to report the variable Albumin level. Point- 2 Q. 3. (a) What is the appropriate statistical test to identify the significant difference between Gender groups and patients' Albumin level? (b) Write down the assumptions of the proposed statistical test. (c) Formulate null hypothesis & alternative hypothesis for such an association. Point-3he first involved an assessment of the relationship between cigarette smoking and incidence of lung cancer. For cigarette smokers, the lung cancer incidence rate was Ie = 200 per 100,000. For nonsmokers, the lung cancer incidence rate was Io = 25 per 100,000. The lung cancer incidence rate in the entire population was It = 100 per 100,000. The second study involved an assessment of the relationship between cigarette smoking and incidence of coronary heart disease. For cigarette smokers, the coronary heart disease incidence rate was Ie = 500 per 100,000. For nonsmokers, it was Io = 250 per 100,000. In the overall population, the coronary heart disease rate was It = 300. 1. What is relative risk the of developing lung cancer in the first study and of developing coronary heart disease in the second study? Interpret. 2. From the data involving cigarette smoking and lung cancer incidence, what are the attributable risk and the attributable-risk percent? Interpret the result. 3. From the…The Physicians' Health Study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 22,071 apparently healthy male physicians. Subjects were randomized into two groups: one group took a buffered aspirin every other day and the other was given a placebo. The average follow-up during the aspirin component of the trial was 60.2 months. Baseline cardiovascular risk factors and adherence to therapy during the trial were assessed by questionnaire. Cardiovascular outcomes were reported by questionnaire and confirmed by record review by an Endpoints Committee. Among those taking the aspirin, 104 heart attacks (with five deaths) occurred compared to 189 heart attacks 18 of them fatal among those taking the placebo. The study was terminated early, due principally to a 44% reduction in the risk of a first myocardial infarction (MI). Which of the following are NOT a reason(s) to use a placebo in this trial? Select all that apply. To ensure the ethical review board will approve the…
- A group of 312 heart attack patients who were regular smokers up to the time of their heart attacks were followed for ten years. Among them, 150 patients continued to smoke after their heart attacks and 162 quit after their heart attacks. Of the 150 patients that continued smoking, 54 had a second heart attack during the ten years of follow-up, and of the patients who quit, 28 had a second heart attack during the 10 years of follow-up. Calculate the appropriate measure of association between continued smoking and second heart attack.Study Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a narrative description of the underlying meaning of a mother's lived experience of parenting a child with food-induced anaphylaxis (FIA). Study Methods: Six mothers of children 6 to 12 years of age who were considered at risk for FIA were recruited to participate in the study. The number and type of food allergies varied, but peanut was the most common. Two in-depth interviews, each lasting 11/2 to 2 hours, were conducted with each mother in her own home. The interviews, which were audiotaped and then transcribed, focused on what it was like for the mothers to have a child with a life-threatening food allergy. Key findings: "Living with risk" was identified as the essence of the mothers' experience, and was supported by 5 themes: 1. living with fear 2. worrying abput well-being 3. looking for control 4. relying on resources 5. it is hard, but it is not. Each theme was supported with rich narrative descriptions from the…48% 06:56 PPR214 2019_06_SU_SP.pdf 1. A recent national study in South African public hospitals showed a low percentage of adherence by prescribers to standard treatment guidelines for the management of nosocomial infections. This reflects a failure to meet the following objective in the National Drug Policy (1996): To ensure the availability of essential drugs to all citizens b. To ensure the quality of drugs c. To promote the rational use of drugs To promote the concept of individual responsibility for health e. To ensure the accessibility of essential drugs to all citizens a. d. 2. Two medicines in a community pharmacy dispensary have the same active ingredients. To confirm that they are in fact generic versions of the same originator medicine, they would also share the same: I. Excipients II. Strength of active ingredients II. Dosage form a. I & II b. Il only c. Il only d. I, II & II e. Il & II 3. Pharmaceutical manufacturers in South Africa are granted preferences in the…
- A cohort study looks at the relationship between estrogen use and the risk of breast cancer. A total of 4555 estrogen users and 4495 nonusers are enrolled in the study and followed up for 15 years for the development of breast cancer. In the estrogen-using group, 212 women developed breast cancer, and in the non-using group 298 women developed breast cancer. 12. How many were unexposed and not diseased?A. 4555 B. 4495 C. 4197 D. 434313. Which of the following interpretation is TRUE based on the results obtained?A. Use of estrogen increases the risk of developing breast cancerB. Use of estrogen is a protective factor to developing breast cancerC. Use of estrogen is a risk to unexposed groupD. Use of estrogen is not associated with breast cancerA case-control study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between physical activity and coronary heart disease (CHD) in men. A total of 406 men newly diagnosed with CHD were included together with 406 men of similar ages who did not have CHD. The risk of CHD (measured by the OR) was higher among men who were inactive or only moderately active (collectively called ‘inactive’) than among those who were physically active: (See attached image) Odds ratio for inactive men compared to active men= (299 x 136)/(270 x 107)=1.41Suppose there is no misclassification in these data.What would the observed OR have been... 1. If 20% of all the inactive men had been misclassified as active? 2. If 10 % of inactive cases had been misclassified as active?Study Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a narrative description of the underlying meaning of a mother's lived experience of parenting a child with food-induced anaphylaxis (FIA). Study Methods: Six mothers of children 6 to 12 years of age who were considered at risk for FIA were recruited to participate in the study. The number and type of food allergies varied, but peanut was the most common. Two in-depth interviews, each lasting 1 1/2 to 2 hours, were conducted with each mother in her own home. The interviews, which were audiotaped and then transcribed, focused on what it was like for the mothers to have a child with a life-threatening food allergy. Answer the following question: 1. Do you think it would have been appropriate for the researchers to conduct this study using quantitative research methods? Why or why not?