In a certain population, D is a dominant, wild-type allele of a gene encoding a protein important for cell division, and d is a recessive, loss- of-function allele of that gene. The allele frequencies for this gene in this popoulation are D = .7, d = .3 If mutation is the only force acting on this population from generation to generation, what do you predict will happen to allele frequencies over successive generations? The frequency of the D allele will increase The frequency of the d allele will increase Allele frequencies will remain constant
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- A form of learning disabilities and speech impairment results from a recessive mutation in the HERC2 gene. The next 4 questions are about this mutation. In a small Amish village in Ohio, about 5 per 1000 births are affected with this disorder. Assume Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. What is the frequency of the dominant WT HERC2 allele in this small village? A form of learning disabilities and speech impairment results from a recessive mutation in the HERC2 gene. The next 4 questions are about this mutation. Part a: In a small Amish village in Ohio, about 5 per 1000 births are affected with this disorder. Assume Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. What is the frequency of the dominant WT HERC2 allele in this small village? a)0.005 b)0.995 c)0.07 d)0.93 Part b: What is the estimated total number of homozygous dominant individuals in this village of 1000 people? a) 70 b) 930 c) 860 d) 140Entomologists at the New York State Department of Agriculture are interested in determiningthe connection between pest insects infesting crop plants with populations of the same insect-infesting native plants in natural habitats. Long-term trapping and monitoring studies have estimated that on average 3% of the populations move between habitats (farm to natural and vis versa) each generation. A new insecticide resistance allele (∆K) has begun to increase in frequency in agricultural populations. A genotyping survey at this locus of 50 individuals in each population has revealed the following genotype counts:4a. Based on the effects of migration alone, what will the frequency of ∆K be in the forestpopulation in the next generation? 4b. If migration was acting in here without selection, what would the frequency of ΔK be in the agricultural population in the next generation? 4c. If the natural forest population was substantially larger than the agricultural population, how might…People who like certain purebred dog breeds, such as German shepherd dogs, are often saddened to learn that some individuals of these purebred breeds have specific genetic defects that might be due to single mutations that are present in the breed. For example, German shepherd dogs often suffer from hip dysplasia. Not all German shepherd individuals seem to have this mutant allele for hip dysplasia. 1. How would linkage help select a German shepherd population that has all the phenotypic traits you want with this breed while no longer having a genetic predisposition to hip dysplasia?
- population is black in colour but about 1/4 of them are white. gene (B) that produces an enzyme that converts a pigment molecule to produce the Black colour. There are 2 alleles of this gene - the dominant B and the recessive b. DNA analysis shows that black individuals have either a BB or Bb genotype and that white individuals have a bb phenotype. However, you have discovered that a small percentage of White individuals have either a BB or Bb genotype. Explain two reasons that could explain this apparent anomaly. They have a BB or Bb genotype but a white phenotype.1. 9. You are a genetiCıst studying a population of 100 barn swallows. You are particularly interested in one gene, and upon examining the alleles present, you find one allele is quite common, accounting for 80 of the alleles in this population. What is the frequency of this allele in the population? 4. 5. The ability to breathe fire in dragons is controlled by a single gene with two alleles. The fire-breathing allele (F) is dominant to the non-fire breathing allele (f). In a population of 600 dragons, 150 dragons are non-fire breathing (ff) and the rest can breathe fire (either FF or Ff) The population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The frequency of the dominant allele (F) is represented by "p and the frequency of the recessive allele (f) is represented by "q". Recall the allele frequency is p+ q = 1 and the Hardy-Weinburg equation is p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 (2 pts). What is the frequency of the recessive allele (f)? Hint: you can figure out the frequency of ff, which is equal to q2, but…Tay-Sachs is a recessive lethal disease in which thereis neurological deterioration early in life. This diseaseis rare in the population overall but is found at relatively high frequency in Ashkenazi Jews from EasternEurope. A woman whose maternal uncle had the disease is trying to determine the probability that sheand her husband could have an affected child. Her father does not come from a high-risk population. Herhusband’s sister died of the disease at an early age.a. Draw the pedigree of the individuals described.Include the genotypes where possible.b. Determine the probability that the couple’s firstchild will be affected.
- Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorderthat occurs relatively frequently among people ofEuropean descent. In an Amish community in Ohio,medical researchers reported the occurrence of cysticfibrosis (CF) as being 1/569 live births. Using theHardy–Weinberg rule, estimate the frequency of carriers of the disease allele in this Amish population.You are investigating a newly emerging bacteriophage infecting your bacteria. There is a population of bacteria that are resistant to the disease. The allele frequency of the resistant allele is q=0.43. The mutation rate (Aàa) of the locus is 3.2 x 10-2. Assuming no back mutations, how do you expect the allele frequency of the recessive allele to change in the next generation? a. It will decrease a little b. It will not change c. It will decrease a lot d. It will increase a little e. It will increase a lot.. Nowadays, newborn babies are required to be tested for phynylketonuria (PKU), an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. If untreated, individual homozygous for PKU suffer mental retardation. In a recent year, 4 PKU babies were detected out of 126,000 tested. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg conditions, what is the frequency of the PKU gene in this population (Give your answer in decimal number with 3 decimal places)?
- Imagine you have a VERY large garden consisting of thousands of red-flowered individuals (recessive homozygotes rr) and just a few dozen white-flowered plants (genotypes either RR or Rr) of the same species. The garden is isolated from all other flower populations. What do you think will happen to the frequency of the white-flowered plants in your garden from year to year, assuming that the two phenotypes survive and reproduce equally well, that flower color is inherited as a dominant trait, and that pollinating insects make no distinction in flower color? Why?# 3 e A = all of the dominant alleles for a particular trait in a specific population; a = all of the recessive alleles for a particular trait in a specific population In the following equations "A" is represented by "p"; "a" is represented by "q" Hardy Weinberg equations: Allele distributions in Generation 1: 36 homozygous dominant individuals 13 heterozygous individuals 1 homozygous recessive individual There are 50 individuals in this particular population. We want to see if allele distributions change from generation to generation. We will use the Hardy Weinberg equations to find out. p+q=1.0 (100% of the alleles for this trait in the population) Explanation of terminology: px p=p² 2 xpxq=2pq qxq=q² p² + 2pq+q² = 1.0 (Don't panic! You can do this!) Due to migration and random mating of the parent generation, the percentage of homozygous recessive genotypes in Generation 2 offspring increases, changing "a" to 40%, so a = .40 If "a" = .40, and "a"=q, then q = Remember that p+q=1.0 If…APOE Allelic frequency Control EOAD LOAD Vascular disease e4 0.07 0.28 0.35 0.12 e3 0.88 0.70 0.63 0.87 What group is used as a control here? Based on this data, do you think APOE e4 allele increases one’s chance to develop EOAD or LOAD? Defend your answer. Your answer has to refer to the specific data in the table. Suppose that you want to improve this case control study by controlling one more variable that is a known risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease, how will you design your groups? Specify the risk factor you want to control and how you plan to control it.