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- Question 124 The COVID-19 pandemic coronavirus adhesin is the which binds to human receptors in the lungs. gp 41 binds nicotinic receptors on neuromuscular junctions gp 120 binds host CD4 receptors hemagglutini/H antigen binds sialic acid receptors O S protein in envelope binds ACE2 receptorsQUESTION 23 With regard to the action of phospholipases C-B and C-y on phosphatidyl inositol, all of the following statements are true EXCEPT: The products of the reaction can stimulate Ca2+ release. The reaction products resulting from phospholipase C activity stimulate adenyl cyclase Phospholipase C-B and C-y are activated by different receptor families which lie upstream of these lipases. The enzymes cut between the diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol phosphate (IP3) moieties. Phospholipase C-B and C-y are both calcium dependent.QUESTION 44 In adult neurons, there is a higher concentration of chloride outside the cell than inside the cell. During development, intracellular chloride concentrations are much higher such that GABA causes excitation of the postsynaptic neuron. Why could changing the CI¯ concentration result in excitation? Higher concentrations of CI¯ prevent the release of GABA from the presynaptic neuron. There is a smaller Ca2* conductance. ECi is now more positive than the action potential threshold. ECI is now more negative than the action potential threshold.
- QUESTION 56 PDGF 100- PI3K PI3K 50 GAPO 771 O GAP protein P-site 3 4 7. PTP O 1009 O PTP PI3K 740, 751 + GAP 771 1021 PTP 1009 PLC PLC PLC-y 1021 When activated by ligand binding, the PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor) receptor becomes phosphorylated on 5 tyrosine residues (left figure). These phosphorylated tyrosines serve as binding sites for proteins that contain SH2 domains (SH2 domains bind phosphorylated Y). These proteins include phospholipase C-gamma (PLC-gamma), a phosphotyrosine phosphatase (PTP), a Ras GTPase-Activating Protein (GAP), and a phosphotidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K). PDGF stimulates several changes in the target cell, one of which is DNA synthesis. To determine which effectors of the PDGF receptor is/are responsible for stimulating DNA synthesis, you construct several mutant forms of the receptor that retain individual or combinations of the phosphorylation sites. You express these in cells and monitor DNA synthesis. The results are shown in the right figure.…QUESTION 3 The phenolic glycolipid 1 (PGL-1) in the outer membrane of M. leprae, the causative agent of leprosy, has been implicated in the invasion of host phagocytic cells. When the gene for PGL-1 is eliminated from the mycobacterium, infectivity is decreased. This is evidence that PGL-1 is a virulence factor for M. leprae. O True O False QUESTION 4 Adjuvants such as aluminum salts are used as additives in vaccines to enhance immune responses. @True O FalseQUESTION 17 A researcher tests two groups of male rats: one that engages in fighting with another male, and one that can view another male across a cage partition but can't fight with it. An hour later, the researcher obtains the animals' brains and later uses immunohistochemistry to determine the density of neurons expressing Fos (the protein product of an immediate-early gene). She finds that the rats that fought have higher Fos expression in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) than rats in the control group. The best interpretation of these findings is that... O a. Engaging in aggression induces changes in gene expression in the BNST. b. Engaging in aggression induces structural changes in the BNST. Oc. Engaging in aggression induces changes in hormone receptor expression in the BNST. d. The BNST is necessary for organizational effects on aggressive behavior. e. The BNST is necessary for activational effects on aggressive behavior.
- Question 14 Borrelia burgdorferi avoids killing by macrophages, as part of innate immunity, by: O using a SPI-2 TIIISS to prevent phagolysosome fusion O hiding or lacking surface antigens such as LPS or flagella O All of these choices O replicating inside phagosomes and using a SPI-2 TIIISS to prevent phagolysosome fusion replicating inside phagosomesQuestion 13 One of the two genes known to be mutated in cases of Hypokalemic periodic paralysis (which is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern but known to affect males more often than females) is the calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 S (CACNA1S). What is known about the gene is recorded here: https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSG00000081248;r=1:201039512-201112451 Please navigate to the link above and use the information and link-outs from the page to answer the following question. GIVE YOUR ANSWER AS A NUMBER ONLY, NO UNITS: What is the size in amino acid residues of the CACNA1S transcript named CACNA1S-202? Answer: The size of the CACNA1S transcript named CACNA1S-202 is Blank ... amino acid residues.QUESTION 34 During fruit fly development, a transmembrane protein called Delta on the surfaces of presumptive neurons binds to a receptor, called Notch, on the surfaces of the immediately adjacent cells. This signals to the adjacent cells not to differentiate into neurons. This mode of signaling is: juxtacrine paracrine autocrine endocrine
- Question 12 One of the two genes known to be mutated in cases of Hypokalemic periodic paralysis (which is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern but known to affect males more often than females) is the calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 S (CACNA1S). What is known about the gene is recorded here: https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSG00000081248;r=1:201039512-201112451 Please navigate to the link above and ensure that you click to reveal the transcript table. Then use the information in the table to answer the following question. PLEASE GIVE YOUR ANSWER AS A NUMBER ONLY, NO UNITS What is the size in base pairs of the CACNA1S transcript named CACNA1S-202? Answer: The size of the CACNA1S transcript named CACNA1S-202 is Blank ... base pairs.Question 10 In eukaryotes, the regulatory inputs have been amplified compared to prokaryotes, and a typical gene is controlled by dozens of transcription regulators. These help assemble histone- modifying enzymes, RNA polymerase, and general transcription factors via the multiprotein mediator complex membranes O mitochondria O chromatin-remodeling complexes O chloroplasts amino acidsQUESTION 12 The leucine zipper domain of transcription factors is not involved in DNA recognition but rather in facilitating dimerization. Given the chemical properties of the amino acid leucine, dimerization of transcription factors via this domain by (select the correct option). Facilitating hydrogen bonding with the aqueous environment. Chelation of bivalent ions such as Zn2+. Formation of coiled-coils through hydrophobic non-covalent interactions between evenly spaced Leu residues in alpha-helical domains. Physically connecting the two transcription factor subunits through unstructured loops.