I. Essay questions 1. Define and classify carbohydrates with suitable examples. Add a note on the functions of carbohydrates. 2. Describe the structure and functions of mucopolysaccharides. 3. Give an account of the structural configuration of monosaccharides, with special reference to glucose. 4. Discuss the structure and functions of 3 biochemically important disaccharides. 5. Define polysaccharides and describe the structure of 3 homopolysaccharides.
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- 1. Theoretically, a protein could assume a virtually infinite number of configurations and conformations. Suggestseveral features of proteins that drastically limit the actual number. 2. What are the greatest structural features that differentiate sphingolipids from phosphoglycerides? 3. High levels of glucose-6-phosphate inhibit glycolysis. If the concentration of glucose-6-phosphate decreases,activity is restored. Why?R V. Phospholipids are the main structural lipids that comprise cellular and organellar membranes. One abundant phospholipid in bacterial cell membranes is phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), which has a generic structure shown on the right. Note that R1 R and R2 are representative alkyl chains of attached fatty acids, each having about 16 – 20 carbon atoms. a) The overall net charge in one PE molecule is: -2 -1 0 +1 +2 CH₂ Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) -CH H₂C. b) The glycerophosphate backbone in PE is a: D-enantiomer c) The fatty acids are attached to PE via which type of bond? amine L-enantiomer racemic NH3 amide ester ether d) Draw the commonly used cartoon representation of one phospholipid molecule. Label the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts.10. o . Briefly discuss Ramchandran plot. . What is quaternary structure of proteins? Mention the role of various bond in its structure with the help of an example give its biochemical function. What are liposomes? Discuss their role in medicine. . Differentiate between cerebroside and ganglioside and one disorder associated with each. R
- Structures PLEASE DRAW OUT THE FATTY ACIDS - Hydrocarbon chain atoms DO NOT need to be labeled, everything else does. Common name Symbol Lauric acid 12:0 Myristic acid 14:0 Palmitic acid 16:0 Stearic acid 18:0 Arachidic acid 20:0 Palmitioleic acid 16:1 △9 Oleic acid 18:1 △9 Linoleic acid 18:2 △9,12 a-Linolenic acid 18:3 △9,12,15 g-Linolenic acid 18:3 △6,9,12 Arachidonic acid 20:4 △5,8,11,144. Amphiphilic Lipids. Detergents are small amphiphilic molecules that tend to form micelles in water. (a) Draw the structures of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Triton X-100 (b) For each drawn detergent, indicate which portions (ends) of the molecules are hydrophilic and hydrophobic. Justify your answer (explain why hydrophilic vs hydrophobic). (c) Draw the micelle structure for one of the detergents. (d) Why does the detergent form a micelle and not a bilayer? Why do detergents denature proteins and remove grease from your clothing?(a). Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules which have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. Explain how this feature benefits the cell. (Give ONE reason) (2) (b). Give ONE difference between a saturated phospholipid and an unsaturated phospholipid. (2)
- . Provide an explanation for the fact that a-D-mannose is more stable than B-D-mannose, whereas the opposite is true for glucose.2a. Describe the structural differences between cellulose and glycogen. 2b. State one structural feature of glycogen accounting for its energy storage role.unu meleDy aln ncease In BIUUU giucose concentration. In the absence of glucose, cells rely on fats as a source of energy. 1. Protein Structure and Chemistry The primary structure of human insulin is shown below. It is made up of two polypeptide chains that come together in a quaternary structure. The first amino acid of each chain islabeled with the number 1. A handout with all amino acids and their structure and properties is provided on page 5. Primary structure of proteins 1a. Circle and label the amino and carboxyl ends in the primary structure of each polypeptide. Draw the appropriate functional groups at each end. Ceu Ala 1b. Identify and label one amino acid each with side groups that are: i) polar ii) non polar iii) acidic iv) basic Glu Chain B 30 amino acids His Secondary structure 1c. Show one H-bond that determines the secondary structure of the protein. You should indicate the bond in the diagram using appropriate functional groups. Gin Cya Chain A 21 amino acids Thr Gin…
- Glycerophospholipids Phosphatidylethanolamine 1. classify the fatty acids as essential or non-essential and also as saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated. 2. Calculate the net ATP yield per fatty acid after complete oxidation. Show your solution using a table of pathways, reducing equivalents, and ATP 3. In case the cell is in a state requiring large amount of ATP to support energy-requiring reactions/pathways, assuming that you have 1 mole of each of the said lipids are catabolized and complete oxidized, will the total net ATP yield from these two lipids be higher or lower than the sum of the net ATPs generated from each fatty acid components? Justify your answer in biochemical terms and using 5 sentences or less.Please state if the statements are true or false.1. An aplha 1,4 glycosidic linkage is considered a branching linkage in polysaccharides2. Isocitrate dehydrogenerase is classified as an isomeraseCholesterol is an integral part of plasma membranes. Based on its structure, where is it found in the membrane? on the extracellular surface embedded with the phospholipid heads within the tail bilayer attached to the intracellular surface