Genes that are duplicated within a genome and later diverge in function, such as the RNASE1 and RNASE1B genes in a species of monkeys, are described as -Derived genes -ancestral genes -orthologous genes -paralogous genes
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- Based on our modern understanding, what revisions are necessary to the original one-gene / one-enzyme hypothesis? (Check all that apply.) Alternative splicing allows one gene to encode multiple polypeptides. Some genes encode RNAs, not enzymes. Some genes encode lipids, not enzymes. Some genes encode polypeptides that are not enzymes, such as structural proteins. Proteins as functional units may be composed of several polypeptides, so genes may encode just one polypeptide within a larger protein. Enzymes are not encoded by genes after all — they are constructed through separate biochemical processes.After sequencing a new genome for the first time, functional protein-coding genes are initially identified by: BLAST searches that look for viral integration in the host genome Bioinformatic searches that reveal consensus sequences in expressed genes Aligning expressed exons sequenced from cDNA using transcriptomics B and C A and B Many regions of non-coding eukaryotic DNA previously thought to be "junk" are now known to contain sequence elements important to regulating gene expression. What approach can be used to identify important non-coding regulatory regions when annotating a newly sequenced genome? comparing cDNA to genomic DNA to validate that the gene is expressed identifying restriction enzyme recognition sequences in the genome phylogenetic footprinting to identify conserved non-coding sequences searching for start/stop codons and splice recognition sites that predict where a gene might be located…Many aspects of gene function can be nicely explained with the one- gene-one-enzyme hypothesis, which states that a gene controls the production of an enzyme. Which of the following findings about gene expression, though, requires an expansion of this simple concept? Non-enzyme proteins are made from genes too. Some genes code for RNA molecules only. Enzymes composed of different polypeptides are coded for by more than one gene. a and c, but not b a, b, and c
- Determine which of the genomic traits are associated with prokaryotes or eukaryotes. These traits include relative genome size. number of genes, gene density, and number of exons. Prokaryote about one gene every 2000 to 100000 bp relatively large, variable size genome multiple introns Answer Bank relatively small genome about one gene every 1000 bp 500 to 7000 genes Eukaryote 6000 to 30000 genes few, if any, intronsMany aspects of gene function can be nicely explained with the one-gene-one-enzyme hypothesis, which states that a gene controls the production of an enzyme. Which of the following findings about gene expression, though, requires an expansion of this simple concept? Choose an answer below: Non-enzyme proteins are made from genes too. Some genes code for RNA molecules only. Enzymes composed of different polypeptides are coded for by more than one gene. a and c, but not b a, b, and cThe lacheinmal protein is a hypothetical protein that causes people to smile more often. it is inactive in many chronically unhappy people. the mRNA isolated from a number of different unhappy individuals in the same family was found to lack an internal stretch of 173 nucleotides that is present in the lacheinmal mRNA isolated from happy members of the same family. the DNA sequences of the Lacheinmal genes from the happy and unhappy family members were determined and compared. they differed by a single nucleotide substitution, which lay in an intron. What can you say about the molecular basis of unhappiness in this family?
- When comparing evolutionary similarities between different genes within a gene family, it is usually more straightforward to compare genes by using the protein sequences of gene products rather than DNA sequences of the genes themselves. Explain why this is the case. (Cover 4 points)Describe the mechanism by which retrotransposon such as SINES and LINES get moved around within genomeIn a first attempt to describe the relationship between genes and phenotypes, Beadle and Tatum in the 1940s stated that each gene is a section of the genome that codes for a specific enzyme (one-gene-one-enzyme hypothesis). Which more recent discoveries regarding gene expression are not covered by this hypothesis? Some genes are transcribed into functional RNA molecules that are not translated into protein. Genes code for proteins other than enzymes. Enzymes comprised of several different polypeptides, such as RNA polymerase, are encoded by more than one gene. a and b, but not c a, b, and c
- Being able to understand the relationship between DNA, mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes and proteins, is necessary for any researcher interested in gene therapy. Gene therapy is dedicated to correcting genetic defects by replacing mutated genes with wildtype versions. This can include complete removal and introduction of a working copy of the entire gene (using knock-outs and knock-ins) or removal of only the actual mutated nucleotide. Sickle Cell Disease is an example of a recessive disorder based on a single-point mutation: GAG becomes GTG, which encodes a new amino acid. One would only need to replace a single base to correct the disorder making it very attractive to gene therapy researchers. The mutant sickle cell allele is called HbS (for sickled hemoglobin) while the wt allele is HbA. Pretend that Arcel Kasongo, a masters student from Cambridge, is studying for an oral exam on gene therapy, and has an especial interest in the disorder since he comes from the Democratic Republic of Congo…Being able to understand the relationship between DNA, mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes and proteins, is necessary for any researcher interested in gene therapy. Gene therapy is dedicated to correcting genetic defects by replacing mutated genes with wildtype versions. This can include complete removal and introduction of a working copy of the entire gene (using knock-outs and knock-ins) or removal of only the actual mutated nucleotide. Sickle Cell Disease is an example of a recessive disorder based on a single-point mutation: GAG becomes GTG, which encodes a new amino acid. One would only need to replace a single base to correct the disorder making it very attractive to gene therapy researchers. The mutant sickle cell allele is called HbS (for sickled hemoglobin) while the wt allele is HbA. Pretend that Arcel Kasongo, a masters student from Cambridge, is studying for an oral exam on gene therapy, and has an especial interest in the disorder since he comes from the Democratic Republic of Congo…The words “transcribe” and “translate” are more commonly associated with language and dialogue. For example, a court reporter may transcribe what was said during a trial, or a popular book may be translated from Spanish into English. Why are “transcription” and “translation” such good descriptors for these processes in molecular biology?
