Four factors are considered when determining a person's biological sex.how each of these four factors is or is not likely to contribute to performance differences between sexes
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Four factors are considered when determining a person's biological sex.how each of these four factors is or is not likely to contribute to performance differences between sexes
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- As outlined in this chapter, sex can be defined at several levels: chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic. To this we can add psychological sex, the sex one believes themselves to be. Determining someones sex is a complex issue that is often difficult to resolve, as the case of Bruce Reimer (see Section 7.1) illustrates. In spite of the complexity surrounding this issue, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAFF) still use sex testing on female athletes to determine whether they can compete in athletic events as females. This has led to serious personal, social, and legal issues, and the practice has been widely condemned and widely defended. Lets examine two such cases here. An Indian athlete, Santhi Soundarajan, finished second in the 800-meter run at the Asian Games in Doha, Qatar, in 2006. After the race, she was asked to take a sex test. According to press reports, the tests showed that she appeared to have abnormal chromosomes. An official stated that she had more Y chromosomes than allowed. As a result, she was stripped of her medal, banned from further competition by the Indian Olympic Association, and shunned by her local community. Before the race in Doha, Santhi had competed in 8 international competitions and won 12 medals. Sometime after this incident, she attempted suicide. She now runs a training school for athletes in Tamil Nadu, India. Although the number and types of tests done on Santhi have not been revealed, such tests usually involve examination of the external genitals, a chromosome analysis, and measurement of hormone levels. Suppose you were on the committee deciding whether Santhi could compete as a female. Consider each of the following hypothetical tests one at a time and base your conclusions only on the results of that test. The results of a physical examination show she has female genitals. On this basis, would you allow her to keep her medal and compete as a female in future races? Suppose the results of a chromosomal analysis shows that she has an XY chromosome set and is chromosomally male. Would you allow her to keep her medal and compete as a female? Lastly, suppose a test for hormone levels shows that she has levels of the male sex hormone testosterone that are higher than average for females but at least 10 times lower than the average for males. Would you allow her to keep her medal and compete in future races as a female? Now, put the results of all three tests together, and consider them as a whole. What are your conclusions? Now, lets consider the case of a South African runner, Caster Semenya, who won the 800-meter run at the World Championships held in Berlin, Germany, in 2009. After the race, she was asked to undergo sex testing. The IAAF stated that the tests were requested to ascertain whether she had a rare medical condition that gave her an unfair physical advantage. The nature of the tests and their results were not released, but press reports indicate that she did not have ovaries or a uterus, and had testosterone levels intermediate between the averages for males and females. In the end, the IAAF agreed to keep the results of her tests confidential, and Caster was allowed to keep her medal and return to international competition in 2010. In both cases, what the IAAF considers the threshold for determining who can compete as a female has not been stated. Based on what is known about the test results in this case and the hypothetical tests in the first case, do you think the outcome in each case was fair?how femaleness and maleness is determinedIf a male takes too much exogenous testosterone, the testosterone can be converted to estrogen and cause secondary female characteristics. True or false
- But biologically speaking, what is "sex"? What sexual behaviors do or don't qualify as "having sex"? Feel free to be as graphic as necessary to explain your argument.It is customary to differentiate male and female genders in terms of typical features that include chromosomal gender (XX for girls, and XY for boys); ovaries and clitoris in women, testes and penis in males; and testosterone active role in masculinization, and its absence in feminization. Nevertheless, there are some situations where the person is known to have an intersex condition in which visible genitals do not reflect his or her real gender. Describe two syndromes that embody this intersex condition in an APA essay.The biological differences in sex can be seen in genitals, reproductive organs, hormones and chromosomes. TRUE FALSE
- The role of biology in sexual orientation is still unclear. Examine the literature on sexual orientation and discuss the evidence supporting or refuting the position that homosexuality is biologically determined.Determine the way in which sex-influenced and sex limited characteristics differ from sex-linked characteristics.Secondary sex characteristics of females include all of the following EXCEPT: Growth of axillary and pubic hair Deposition of fat in the hips and thighs Broadening of the pelvis Breast development Increased bone density
- People with androgen insensitivity syndrome show developmental abnormalities. Which of the following primary or secondary sexual characteristics is most likely to be seen in these individuals? The presence of: a prostate a penis breast development at puberty descended testes pubic and axillary hairGender performativity is the idea that the subject is created through repeated performances of acceptable and conventional ideas about what it means to be a man or a woman. True FalseDefine the concept of a person’s gender. What factors determine gender?
