Fish living in environments such as the Arctic Ocean, wherewater temperatures are below the freezing point of theirblood, are able to survive because of so-called antifreezeglycoproteins. Suggest how these glycoproteins work.

Fish living in environments such as the Arctic Ocean, wherewater temperatures are below the freezing point of theirblood, are able to survive because of so-called antifreezeglycoproteins. Suggest how these glycoproteins work.

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter10: From Proteins To Phenotypes

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 14QP: If phenylalanine was not an essential amino acid, would diet therapy (the elimination of...

See similar textbooks

Related questions

Q: Under what conditions will an amino acid have ä PKa

A: Amino acids are organic compounds consisting of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen along with…

Q: The seeds of temperate plants tend to contain unsaturated fatty acids, while the seeds of tropical…

A: Germinating seeds get their energy by breaking down stored food material in endosperm of a seed.…

Q: Aspartate amino acids' pI values can be calculated as follows:

A: Aspartic acid is a standard amino acid and has a carboxylic group in its side chain. Due to the…

Q: Over time, the glutamine residues of polypeptides are susceptible to deamidation, a reaction in…

A: Glutamine is converted to glutamic acid by a process called deamination. Such reactions are of…

Q: The pH at which the Lysine R-group is 20 % dissociated is:

A: Option a) is correct Answer

Q: Despite the absence of the glyoxylate cycle in mammals, when 14C-labeled acetate is fed to lab…

A: Glyoxylate cycle is not present in mammals, so they cannot carry out net synthesis of carbs from…

Q: Sphingolipid storage diseases (sphingolipidoses) are inherited diseases caused by abnormal…

A: Sphingolipid storage disease are caused by the accumulation of the undegradable sphingolipids and…

Q: Why is B-D-Glucopyranose in a chair conformation form is the most stable form of glucose present in…

A: B-D-Glucopyranose is a form of D-glucose which is a hexose monosaccharide unit that consists of six…

Q: Sulfur is a component of two important amino acids to plants and animals, the cysteine and…

Q: Heparin has what functional groups? what is the chemical reactivity of heparin in respect to its…

A: Heparin is defined as an anticoagulant that helps or prevents the formation of a blood clot in the…

Q: A derivative of a triterpene that contains four fused rings is referred to as a _____________.

A: A class of the chemical compounds that are made up of 3 terpenes units is known as triterpenes with…

Q: Define the term GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)?

A: GABA (Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ) is a natural occurring amino acid that work as a neurotransmitter in…

Q: the key features between glycosaminoglycan-binding proteins and lectins?

A: Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are mucopolysaccharides containing a large number of disaccharide units…

Q: Considering the formation of glycosidic linkages between monosaccharides, how many possible…

A: A monosaccharide is the simplest unit that can be obtained from the complete breakdown of a…

Q: What would you expect to happen to levels of mevalonate in human plasma if an individual were to go…

A: The mevalonate used in the mevalonate/HMG-CoA pathway to synthesize cholesterol, farnesyl…

Q: A mature glycogen particle extends out from the homodimer, glycogenin, typically having 12 tiers of…

A: Glycogenin is an enzyme which catalyze the formation of glycogen from glucose. It is known that…

Q: Why does increasing carbon chain length decrease water solubility for fatty acids?

A: Fatty acids are the long chain hydrocarbon with one carboxylic group. The hydrocarbon chain may be…

Q: What are some advantages for a glycoprotein in having a large number of N-glycosylation sites?

A: Glycoproteins are a type of conjugated proteins. They have carbohydrates(oligosaccharides)…

Q: Shown here are examples of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Explain what is meant by the term…

A: Fat is one of the three macronutrients which is essential for the working of the metabolic…

Q: What type of interactions can glutamic acid participate in that are not possible for glutamine?…

A: In a biochemical context, the amino acids glutamine and glutamic acid are strongly connected.…

Q: If thymine nucleotides are degraded by the same enzymes as those catabolizing uridine nucleotides,…

A: The cleavage of the ring structures metabolizes thymine and uracil nucleotides. The usual end…

Q: How could you make the zwitterion of aspartic acid more soluble in water?

A: A zwitterion is considered as a chemical compound, which has both charges positive as well as…

Q: Why are allosteric enzymes crucial for the control of metabolism?

A: Allosteric enzymes are considered as an enzyme, which changes its structure upon binding to the…

Q: What is the structural difference between glucose and (a) β-D-glucuronate,(b) β-D-glucosamine, (c)…

A: Glucose is an aldohexose, it is a six-carbon sugar with a terminal aldehyde group

Q: Tyrosine is a nonessential amino acid in humans. Under what circumstance would it become an…

A: Amino acids are biomolecules serving as the building blocks of proteins. These have a carboxylic…

Q: Why is trypsin an unusual name for an enzyme? (What is the convention for enzyme names?) .

A: The enzymes are the biocatalyst that perform specific biochemical reaction within the body and after…

Q: Tetracycline is used to treat infections caused by bacteria including pneumonia and other…

A: Antibiotics are molecules that help in killing disease causing agents or micro organisms.…

Q: . Provide an explanation for the fact that a-D-mannose is more stable than B-D-mannose, whereas the…

A: Anomers are diastereomers that differ only at the hemiacetal or acetal carbon. The hemiacetal or…

Q: Provide an explanation for the fact that most fatty acids are16 or 18 carbons long.

A: Long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) are fatty acids with aliphatic chains that are 13-21 carbons long.…

Q: Suggest a reason why trans fatty acids have melting points similar to analogous saturated fatty…

A: Fatty acids are considered as the long hydrocarbon chain of the carboxylic acid of lipids or fats.

Q: Acid hydrolysis of polypeptides may lead to complete destruction of tyrosine residues.

A: Proteins and peptides are macromolecules made up of covalently bonded amino acid residues in linear…

Q: Suggest an explanation for the fact that the amount of glycogen in type I glycogen-storage disease…

A: Glycogen storage disease type 1 or von Gierke disease is an inherited disorder of liver caused by…

Q: Saponify this mixed triglyceride with 3NaOH

Q: All sugar residues are in their D-isomeric forms. Is this trisaccharide a reducing sugar? Why or…

A: Reducing sugars are those which have free aldehyde or ketone group. Reducing sugars reduces ferric…

Q: What are the typical fatty acid chains found in phosphoglycerides, and why do their carbon atom…

A: Phosphoglycerides Glycerol-based phospholipids Main component of the biological membrane.

Q: Sweet proteins. List the key classes of glycoproteins, their defining characteristics, and their…

A: Glycoproteins are known as specialized proteins that are composed of oligosaccharide chains i.e,…

Q: List two classes of compounds derived from arachidonic acid. Suggest some reasons for the amount of…

A: Introduction Arachidonic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid found in the phospholipids of cell…

Q: Fluorouracil is a structural analogue of thymine. The fluorine promotes enolization. Suggest a…

A: Introduction: Fluorouracil or 5FU is quite possibly the most regularly used drugs to treat cancer.…

Q: List down the physiological significance of each of the 20 amino acids.

A: Amino acids: a. Amino acids are the building units of protein and other biomolecules. b. The key…

Q: Mild alkaline hydrolysis of glycophospholipids leads to, as major products,

A: Mild alkaline hydrolysis of phospholipids occur because carboxyl ester group of phospholipid are…

Q: Can a pregnant cocker spaniel (dog) synthesize prostaglandin E2 from the dietary glucose? Yes or No.…

A: Prostaglandin E2 is considered a hormone, which plays a key role to induce labor during pregnancy.…

Q: Provide an explanation for the fact that a-D-mannose is more stable than B-D-mannose, whereas the…

A: The anomeric effect is a electrostatic repulsion effect between the electron pairs of the ring…

Q: Can you please describe the specific components that each of these structures are comprised of (…

A: Proteins are the biomolecules which are made up of amino acids. Amino acids are joined together with…

Q: Why Provide the structure of any such fatty acid. omega-3 fatty acids called essential fatty acids?…

Concept explainers

Metabolic pathways

Metabolism is defined as the group of life-supporting, enzyme-mediated chemical reactions in organisms. A metabolic pathway is a set of these chemical reactions that involve anabolism (synthesis of complex biomolecules) and catabolism (breakdown of biomolecules into small molecules) that occur inside a cell. Metabolites are the reacting substances, products, and intermediate substances of an enzymatic process that are altered by a series of chemical events catalyzed by enzymes.

Question

Fish living in environments such as the Arctic Ocean, where
water temperatures are below the freezing point of their
blood, are able to survive because of so-called antifreeze
glycoproteins. Suggest how these glycoproteins work.

Expert Solution

This question has been solved!

Explore an expertly crafted, step-by-step solution for a thorough understanding of key concepts.

SEE SOLUTION Check out a sample Q&A here

Step 1

VIEW

Step 2

VIEW

Step by step

Solved in 2 steps

SEE SOLUTION Check out a sample Q&A here

Knowledge Booster

Learn more about

Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biochemistry and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.

Similar questions

The “keto diet” is a dietary regimen in which carbohydrates are severely restricted, protein intake is low, and fat comprises 70–90% of daily calories. The diet causes “nutritional ketosis,” which is a different metabolic state than the ketosis that occurs in an untreated diabetic. The normal ketone body concentration is less than 0.6 mM. Explain why an individual on the keto diet may have a blood ketone body concentration of up to 3 mM. What biochemical pathways are active in an individual adhering to the keto diet? What pathways are largely inactive? Protein intake is kept low because a high-protein diet would inhibit ketosis. Explain why. Why might the keto diet lead to weight loss?
What is an example of a biomolecule that interacts with Insulin? Please give a detailed explanation of that molecule's structure as well!
Homocystinuria is caused by a defect in cystathionine beta-synthase (or 13-synthase), which leads to an accumulation of homocysteine in the blood. This accumulation causes symptoms such as a tall, thin frame, flushed cheeks, and osteoporosis (thinning of the bones). These individuals should limit their intake of proteins that contain methionine, such as egg whites. Using your understanding of biochemistry, explain why people with Homocystinuria should not consume egg whites and other such proteins.
If both cysteine residues on the B chain of insulin were changes to alanine residues, how would it affect the quaternary structure of insulin?
It is important to note that galactose is an important component of glyco- proteins. What is the effect on glycoprotein synthesis in case of galactosemic patients who are not given galactose in their diet? Explain this observation.
Under severe starvation conditions, people develop “acetonebreath.” Explain.
The venom of the Eastern diamondback rattler and the Indian cobra contains phospholipase A2, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of fatty acids at the C-2 position of glycerophospholipids. The phospholipid breakdownproduct of this reaction is lysolecithin (lecithin is phosphatidylcholine). At high concentrations, this and other lysophospholipids act as detergents, dissolving the membranes of erythrocytes and lysing the cells. Extensive hemolysis may be lifethreatening.(a) All detergents are amphipathic. What are the hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions of lysolecithin?(b) The pain and inflammation caused by a snake bite can be treated with certain steroids. What is the basis of this treatment?(c) Though the high levels of phospholipase A2 in venom can be deadly, this enzyme is necessary for a variety of normal metabolic processes. What are these processes?
List two classes of compounds derived from arachidonic acid. Suggest some reasons for the amount of biomedical research devoted to these compounds.
Glutathione is an important intracellular thiol. List fivefunctions of glutathione in the body
Hemoglobin molecules exposed to high levels of glucose areconverted to glycated products. The most common, referred to as hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), contains a b-chain glycatedadduct. Because red blood cells last about 3 months, HbA1Cconcentration is a useful measure of a patient’s blood sugarcontrol. In general terms, describe why and how HbA1Cforms.
An enzyme that catalyzes disulfide– sulfhydryl exchange reactions, called protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), has been isolated. PDI rapidly converts inactive scrambled ribonuclease into enzymatically active ribonuclease. In contrast, insulin is rapidly inactivated by PDI. What does this important observation imply about the relation between the amino acid sequence of insulin and its threedimensional structure?
Chondroitin sulfate chains have been likened to a large fishnet, allowing small molecules to pass through but excluding large ones. What structural features of chondroitin sulfate and proteoglycans in general are responsible for this phenomenon?