Female athletes who train intensively often stop menstruating. The important factor appears to be the reduction of body fat below a certain level. Give a possible evolutionary explanation for a relationship between body fat in females and reproductive cycles.
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Female athletes who train intensively often stop menstruating. The important factor appears to be the reduction of body fat below a certain level. Give a possible evolutionary explanation for a relationship between body fat in females and reproductive cycles.
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- Mammalian sperm don’t live very long after ejaculation.Therefore, for a rhino cow to become pregnant, the sperm must be placed in her vagina or uterus, whether by mating or by artificial insemination, at about the same time that ovulation occurs.The simplest way to ensure correct timing is to induce ovulation and have mating or artificial insemination the same day. How might ovulation be induced, in rhinos or in other mammals?Listed in the table below are the five major reproductive hormones that support ovulation in female mammals, including the giant panda. Describe the role of each hormone in this process and the approximate time during the ovarian cycle that it reaches peak levels. Hormone Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Estrogen Luteinizing hormone (LH) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Progesterone Role in Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle Timing of Peak LevelThe change of successful fertilization is approximately 18% in every cycle. Why does this statistic seem so low? All of the following statements provide a reason as to why the chance of fertilization is 18% every ovarian cycle EXEPT Select one: A. Some Sperm cells are not very motile, while others are formed without a tail. B. If more than one sperm fertilizes an egg, multiple embryos can result. C. Vagina is very acidic, killing many sperm. D. There two fallopian tubes and two ovaries, but only one of them releases an ovum every cycle.
- Mate guarding is an evolved response to sperm competition. Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) females regularly mate with several males in the same estrous cycle, whereas gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) females almost never do, since they typically live in bands, each controlled by a single, powerful male. How large (as a proportion of body size) should the testes of chimpanzee males be relative to gorilla testes (Harcourt et al. 1981)? If the testes of men are more similar to those of chimpanzees, what would this tell us about the intensity of sperm competition during our evolutionary past? If, on the other hand, human testes resemble those of gorillas, what conclusion is justified? Please don't write from any online source.Which of the following statements does NOT correctly describe a difference between the male and female reproductive systems? Select one: a. Testosterone has a major role in the development of secondary sexual characteristics in male reproductive systems, whereas LH promotes the development of secondary sexual characteristics in females. b. The male reproductive system mass produces large quantities of gametes each day, whereas the female reproductive system produces an average of a single gamete each month. c. The excretory and reproductive systems both use the urethra in males, whereas in females, there are separate tubes for the excretory and reproductive systems. d. The structures that produce gametes are exterior to the body in the male reproductive system, whereas the gametes are produced inside the body for females.Clownfish are protandrous hermaphrodites. Determine whether the following features are encoded by the clownfish genome or are influenced by the proteome in response to the environment. The juvenile clownfish has both male and female immature reproductive organs. Clownfish are able to produce both testosterone and 17-estradiol. Genome encoded Increased estradiol levels lead to increased levels of proteins that promote the growth of female sex organs. Increased testosterone levels lead to increased - levels of proteins that cause male sex organs to develop Proteome influenced
- Chlamydia is caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis. If not treated, it can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women and epididymitis in men. PID can cause scar tissues in the structure responsible for transporting the fertilized egg and in the tissue that is maintained by progesterone during a menstrual cycle, leading to infertility. In the diagram above, the structures associated with PID for the effects described above are numbered Select one: a. 1, which is the Fallopian tube, and 3, which is the endometrium, respectively b. 1, which is the Fallopian tube, and 4, which is the endometrium, respectively c. 4, which is the uterus, and 6, which is the cervix, respectively d. 3, which is the uterus, and 7, which is the cervix, respectivelyBirth control pills are oral contraceptives taken by women to prevent pregnancies. The most effective forms of birth control pills contain estrogen and a small amount of progestin (a synthetic hormone that mimics the effects of progesterone). Although the most effective forms of oral contraceptive for women contain estrogen and progestin, some birth control pills contain a small dose of progestin only. This is because there are many risks and side effects associated with estrogen.Which of the following statements is NOT a reason for using a progestin-only oral contraceptive? Select one: a. Progesterone suppresses the maturation of follicles, thereby preventing ovulation of a mature ovum. b. Progesterone maintains the corpus luteum as corpus luteum releases a large amount of progesterone and some estrogen. c. Progestin-only oral contraceptives prevent the production of FSH and LH in the anterior pituitary. d. Progesterone suppresses the production of GnRH in the hypothalamus.Both pituitary (FSH and LH) and ovarian (estrogen and progesterone) hormones are involved in regulating the menstrual cycle. Which of the following most accurately describes the order these hormones are released at their highest levels from day 1 to the end of a menstrual cycle if no pregnancy occurs? Select one: a. LH, FSH, estrogen, progesterone b. FSH, estrogen, progesterone, LH c. FSH, estrogen, LH, progesterone d. FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone
- All physiological mechanisms are directed towards reproductive success in female. Do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer with examples.Both men and women produce testosterone, but concentrations of testosterone in the blood are generally higher in men than in women. However, the testosterone levels of some XX females fall within the range of testosterone levels of XY men. This overlap has created controversy within women’s sports. Testosterone is known to increase muscle mass and enhance some types of athletic performance, so some people have suggested that women with naturally high testosterone levels have an unfair competitive advantage. In 2011, the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) adopted a policy that limits levels of testosterone in female athletes, saying that female athletes must not have a blood testosterone concentration greater than 10 nanomoles per liter (nmol/L), a level typically seen in men. Some elite female athletes have natural testosterone levels above this limit and have challenged the policy. Do you think that it is fair for XX females with naturally high testosterone…Oogenesis is the process of female gamete (ovum or egg) production in animals. Spermatogenesis is the process of male gamete (sperm) production in animals. Provide two major differences between the processes of oogenesis and spermatogenesis. Provide one similarity between the processes of oogenesis and spermatogenesis.