Explain the mechanism/s through which molecules such as cyanide and rotenone can exert a cytotoxic effect on eukaryotic cells after instances of exposure. In addition describe if you would expect to observe the same phenotype in anaerobic cells or prokaryotic cells after cyanide exposure.
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Explain the mechanism/s through which molecules such as cyanide and rotenone can exert a cytotoxic effect on eukaryotic cells after instances of exposure. In addition describe if you would expect to observe the same
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- You’ve made a 25 mM stock of colchicine (a tubulin inhibitor; dissolved in distilled water), which you’d like to use to study the effect of tubulin on phagocytosis in T.pyriformis. Based on published research articles that you’ve read, you’d like to preincubate T. pyriformis with colchicine at a final, effective concentration of 75 µM. Assuming you need 40 µL of the cell+colchicine mixture for your experiment, please explain how you can use your 25 mM solution of colchicine, T. pyriformis cells, and distilled water to create your cell+colchicine mixture.Chlamydia are pathogenic bacteria that must be grown within a eukaryotic host cell. They rely on the host cell for many nutrients, including nucleotides, lipids, and amino acids. It is thus no surprise that when grown in co-culture with a host depleted of any of these metabolites, chlamydial growth declines. However, high levels of certain amino acids also inhibit chlamydial growth. Specifically, the amino acids leucine, isoleucine, methionine, and phenylalanine slow down the growth by inhibiting the amino acid transporter called BrnQ. On the other hand, if valine is present in the medium these amino acids have no effect on BrnQ. Discuss how this might be possibleMost antibacterial drugs disrupt or destroy prokaryotic cellular structures or processes that are different than those of eukaryotic cells or may not even be present in eukaryotic cells. List and describe at least three prokaryotic cellular features that could be targeted to inhibit or kill a bacterial pathogen without harming its eukaryotic host.
- One of the early results shows that the post-centrifugation pellet of encapsulated cells also contains EA1 and/or Sap. Why is this not proof that Bacillus anthracis cells have both an S-layer and a capsule simultaneously? I need help finding the answer in the article and explain in short answer link to article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC106848/Recent evidence points towards a global increase in cases of multi drug and total drug resistant forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, suggesting that the mycobacterium is becoming resistant to the antibiotic regimen used to treat this infectious disease. New therapies are clearly needed, which may emerge from an improved understanding of the mechanisms by which M. tuberculosis avoids cellular clearance by lysosomes following engulfment in macrophage phagosomes. We now report that one of the common anti-tubercular drug targets, the so-called RND permease multi substrate pumps, is capable of secreting mycolic acids, a form of lipid enriched in these mycobacteria that make up part of the pathogens cell wall, as a way to inhibit phago- lysosome fusion and survive within the host cell. Our findings provide a mechanism that may explain how these cholesterol like mycolic acids may inhibit the lysosomal protein NPC1, a lysosomal cholesterol transporter and the only mammalian member of the RND…Amoeboid cells that migrate through our tissues, such as the class of white blood cells known as neutrophils, often do so in a directed manner, triggered, for instance, by chemical signals released by pathogens such as bacteria. Directed migration in response to a chemical stimulus is known as chemotaxis. Part of an efficient chemotactic response is the ability of cells to polarize. As is the case with our structurally-polar polymers like F-actin or microtubules, polarization here refers to an asymmetry in the cells, rather than an electrical charge. In this case, it involves one part of the cell becoming the “front” (or leading edge) and another the rear. In a well-polarized, migrating cell, it’s been observed that an active form of Rac (which, in turn, can activate ARP 2/3) is concentrated towards the front of the cell, whereas an active form of Rho (which, in turn, can activate formin, inhibit cofilin/ADP, and activate myosin II) is found toward the rear of the cell. Based on your…
- Nearly all immune deficiency diseases that result in impaired TH17 and ILC3 function lead to chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC), usually accompanied by increased susceptibility to pyogenic bacterial infections. However, a subset of these patients also show increased susceptibility to intracellular bacterial infections, such as those caused by Mycobacteria species. What is the explanation for why some, but not all, of these patients have increased susceptibility to intracellular bacteria and which patients fall into this category?Amoeboid cells that migrate through our tissues, such as the class of white blood cells known as neutrophils, often do so in a directed manner, triggered, for instance, by chemical signals released by pathogens such as bacteria. Directed migration in response to a chemical stimulus is known as chemotaxis. Part of an efficient chemotactic response is the ability of cells to polarize. As is the case with our structurally-polar polymers like F-actin or microtubules, polarization here refers to an asymmetry in the cells, rather than an electrical charge. In this case, it involves one part of the cell becoming the “front” (or leading edge) and another the rear. In a well-polarized, migrating cell, it’s been observed that an active form of Rac (which, in turn, can activate ARP 2/3) is concentrated towards the front of the cell, whereas an active form of Rho (which, in turn, can activate formin, inhibit ADP, and activate myosin II) is found toward the rear of the cell. Based on your…Define the term cytopathic effect and provide one example.
- The human intestinal tract is home to a vast, diverse microbial community. The bacteria that comprise this microbial community serve a number of important, beneficial functions. However, some bacterial species have been suggested to play a role in certain forms of cancer. One such bacteria is Fusobacterium nucleatum (i.e., F. nucleatum). Investigators wishing to study the role of F. nucleatum in colorectal cancer developed a new assay for detecting these bacteria in tumor tissue. In controlled experiments, the test was highly sensitive in detecting F. nucleatum and also had high specificity. To examine consistency in their test findings, the investigators also conducted repeat tests in 50 tissue samples. From these repeat tests, the investigators observed that the overall number of samples in which F. nucleatum was detected was almost identical (10 out of 50 on the first test vs. 11 out of 50 on the repeat test); for 9 samples, F. nucleatum was detected on both the initial and the…explain:The process by which alteration in the genetic makeup of live type IIR bacteria was performed by heat killed type IIIS bacteria.Under cellular conditions, dATP can be oxidized to its 2-hydroxy form, which is a substrate for an enzyme that converts 2-OH-dATP to 2-OH-dAMP + PPi. Explain why compounds that inhibit the activity of this enzyme would be eff ective anticancer agents.