Each of Problems 1 through 6 can be interpreted as describing the interaction of two species with populations & and y. In each of these problems, carry out the following steps. (a) Draw a direction field and describe how solutions seem to behave. (b) Find the critical points. (c) For each critical point, find the corresponding linear system. Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the linear system, classify each critical point as to type, and determine whether it is asymptotically stable, stable, or unstable.
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- Each of Problems 1 through 6 can be interpreted as describing the interaction of two species with populations à and y. In each of these problems, carry out the following steps. (a) Draw a direction field and describe how solutions seem to behave. (b) Find the critical points. (c) For each critical point, find the corresponding linear system. Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the linear system, classify each critical point as to type, and determine whether it is asymptotically stable, stable, or unstable. (d) Sketch the trajectories in the neighborhood of each critical point. (e) Compute and plot enough trajectories of the given system to show clearly the behavior of the solutions. (f) Determine the limiting behavior of x and y as t → ∞, and interpret the results in terms of the populations of the two species. 1. dx/dt = x(1.5 — x 0.5y), dy/dt = y(2-y-0.75x)Each of Problems 1 through 5 can be interpreted as describing the interaction of two species with population densities x and y. In each of these problems, carry out the following steps: (a) Draw a direction field and describe how solutions seem to behave. (b) Find the critical points. (c) For each critical point, find the corresponding linear system. Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the linear system. Classify each critical point as to type, and determine whether it is asymptotically stable, stable, or unstable. (d) Sketch the trajectories in the neighborhood of each critical point. (e) Draw a phase portrait for the system. (f) Determine the limiting behavior of x and y as t → ∞ and interpret the results in terms of the populations of the two species. 1. dx/dt = x(1.5 -0.5y), dy/dt = y(-0.5 + x)Consider the example of injection moulding of a rubber component as shown in Figure Q3(b). The process engineer would like to optimise the strength of the component by optimising the following factors: temperature = 190°C and 210°C, pressure = 50 MPa and 100 MPa, and speed of injection = 10 mm/s and 50 mm/s. What type of mathematical model that the engineer can develop if the relationship is linear and no interactions are significant? Write down the general equation that relates the strength of the component with the process factors.
- describing the interaction of two species with populations x and y. In each of these problems, carry out the following steps. a.Draw a direction field and describe how solutions behave. b.Find the critical points. c.For each critical point find the corresponding linear system. Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the linear system; classify each critical point as to type, and determine whether it is asymptotically stable, stable, or unstable. d.Sketch trajectories in the neighborhood of each critical point. e.Compute and plot enough trajectories of the given system to show clearly the behavior of the solutions. f.Determine the limiting behavior of x and y as t → ∞, and interpret the results in terms of the populations of the two species. 2.dx/dt=x(1.5−x−0.5y)dy/dt=y(2−0.5y−1.5x)An ecologist models the interaction between the tree frog (P) and insect (N) populations of a small region of a rainforest using the Lotka-Volterra predator prey model. The insects are food for the tree frogs. The model has nullclines at N=0, N=500, P=0, and P=75. Suppose the small region of the rainforest currently has 800 insects and 50 tree frogs. In the short term, the model predicts the insect population will • and the tree frog population will At another point time, a researcher finds the region has 300 insects and 70 tree frogs. In the short term, the model predicts the insect population will * and the tree frog population will(3.3) Find the fixed points of the following dynamical system: -+v +v, v= 0+v? +1, and examine their stability.
- The Lotka-Volterra model is often used to characterize predator-prey interactions. For example, if R is the population of rabbits (which reproduce autocatlytically), G is the amount of grass available for rabbit food (assumed to be constant), L is the population of Lynxes that feeds on the rabbits, and D represents dead lynxes, the following equations represent the dynamic behavior of the populations of rabbits and lynxes: R+G→ 2R (1) L+R→ 2L (2) (3) Each step is irreversible since, for example, rabbits cannot turn back into grass. a) Write down the differential equations that describe how the populations of rabbits (R) and lynxes (L) change with time. b) Assuming G and all of the rate constants are unity, solve the equations for the evolution of the animal populations with time. Let the initial values of R and L be 20 and 1, respectively. Plot your results and discuss how the two populations are related.Consider the linear system a. Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors for the coeffhcient matrix. and A2 = For each eigenpair in the previous part, form a solution of y'= Aỹ. Use t as the independent variable in your answers. (t) = and y2(t) = Does the set of solutions you found form a fundamental set (i.e., linearly independent set) of solutions? Choose(B. Janssen, KTH, 2014) Consider the linear system 0.550x+0.423y = 0.127 0.484x + 0.372y = 0.112 Suppose we are given two possible solutions, u = [_11] and v- -1.91. 1.01 0.9 a. Decide based on the residuals b - Au and b - Av which of the two possible solutions is the 'better' solution. b. Calculate the exact solution x. c. Compute the errors to the exact solution. That is, compute the infinity norms of u-x and v-x. Do the results change your answer to 7a?
- For the following linear system: a. Find all the critical points for the system b. find the corresponding linear system near each critical point (the linearized system and the Jacobian matrix. c. classify the ponts as stable or unstable.In each of Problems 1 through 20: (a) Determine all critical points of the given system of equations. (b) Find the corresponding linear system near each critical point. (c) Find the eigenvalues of each linear system. What conclusions can you then draw about the nonlinear system? (d) Draw a phase portrait of the nonlinear system to confirm your conclusions, or to extend them in those cases where the linear system does not provide definite information about the nonlinear system. (e) Draw a sketch of, or describe in words, the basin of attraction of each asymptotically stable critical point. 1. dx/dt = -2x+y, dy/dt = x² - ya). Derive the 4 x 4 system of equations required to fit the model y = f(x; co, C1, C2, C3) = co+ qr+c2r + C3r +e, by minimizing the mean squared error, based on a data set {(ci, y), i = 1,2, .,n}. b). For the data set generated from the model: {(1.2, 2.25), (1.4, 3.2), (1.6, 3.17), (1.8, 4.08), (2, 4.5), (2.2, 5.54), (2.4, 6.57), (2.6, 7.92), (2.8, 9.33), (3, 10.66)}, calculate the estimates of co, C1, C2, C3.