During the Contact process, sulphur dioxide, SO2 is oxidised to sulphur trioxid SO3 in the presence of a suitable catalyst. (i) Name the catalyst used in the reaction. (ii) Deduce how the reaction would proceed without the addition of catalyst (iii) State the reason why sulphur dioxide, SO2 is used in the manufacture of wood nuln
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- (a) In 20 or less of yourown words define the term “leachate”and describe how it forms. (b) Previous records had shown that to prevent acute toxicity to organisms, the maximum mass of CdSO4 that should be allowed into the landfill was determined to be 0.1 kg. This was calculated using a standard concentration of Cd in mg/L where the volume of the leachate pond was used as 500 000L. (i) Provide the name of the CdSO4 compound. State the oxidation number of Cd in this compound (ii) You need to ensure that the concentration used to determine the mass of Cd allowed in the landfill, meets the current regulatory standard. Assuming that previous calculations determined that all of the CdSO4 would be deposited in the leachate pond, what standard concentration of Cd in mg/L was used to determine the maximum mass of allowable CdSO4?Suppose the reaction system UO2 (s) + 4 HF (g) ↔ UF4 (g) + 2H2O (g) has already reached equilibrium. Predict the effect that each of the following changes will have on the equilibrium position. Tell whether the equilibrium will shift to the right, shift to the left, or will not be affected. Additional UO2 (s) is added to the system. The reaction is performed in a glass reaction vessel; HF (g) attacks and reacts with glass. Water vapor (H2O (g)) is removed.The molecular weight of sperm whale myoglobin is 17.8 kDa.17.8 kDa. The myoglobin content of sperm whale muscle is about 80 g · kg−1.80 g · kg−1. In contrast, the myoglobin content of some human muscles is about 8 g · kg−1.8 g · kg−1. Compare the amounts of O2O2 bound to myoglobin in human muscle and in sperm whale muscle. Assume that the myoglobin is saturated with O2,O2, and that the molecular weights of human and sperm whale myoglobin are the same. How much O2O2 is bound to myoglobin in human muscle? How much O2O2 is bound to myoglobin in whale muscle? The amount of oxygen dissolved in tissue water at 37°C37°C is about 3.5×10−5 M.3.5×10−5 M. What is the ratio of myoglobin‑bound oxygen to dissolved oxygen in the tissue water of sperm whale muscle?
- (a) Explain why the concentration of dissolved oxygen in freshwater is an important indicator of the quality of the water. (b) Find graphical data in the text that show variations of gas solubility with temperature, and estimate to two significant figures the percent solubility of O2 in water at 30 °C as compared with 20 °C. How do these data relate to the quality of natural waters?3. Write balanced formula equations for each of the following reactions. Physicai states of reactants and products need not be shown. (i) The combustion of ethane gas, C2H6, in excess air to form carbon dioxide and water. (ii) oxide andcarbon dioxide. The decomposition of solid całcium carbonate by heat to form calcium (iii) The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to form water and oxygen(iv) The reaction of iron with chlorine to form iron(III) chloride.Thomas has a manufacturing plant that produces silicon for sensors. They produce silicon from silicon dioxide following the chemical reaction: Thomas found that the rate of silica manufacturing was not at a satisfactory level. As a chemist, how would you propose to increase the production of silica in Thomas’s manufacturing plant? Propose at least FOUR (4) solutions with justification and choose the best solution.
- (d) Iron (II) ions act as an homogeneous catalyst for the oxidation of iodide ions (1) by peroxodisulfate (S₂O8²) ions. (i) Peroxosulfate ions are powerful oxidants and iodide ions are easily oxidized. However, in an aqueous solution the reaction runs very slowly. Suggest why this is so. (ii) Which of the following will not catalyse the reaction between iodide ions and peroxodisulfate ions? Explain your answer. Fe²+ (aq) cơ (aq) Zn²+ (aq)Consider the series of reactions to synthesize the alum (KAl(SO4 )2 · xH2O(s)) from the introduction. (a) Assuming an excess of the other reagents, from one mole of aluminum Al (s), how many moles of alum will be produced? (b) Assuming an excess of the other reagents, from one mole of potassium hydroxide KOH, how many moles of alum will be produced? (c) Assuming an excess of the other reagents, from one mole of sulfuric acid H2SO4 , how many moles of alum will be produced? (d) If you start the synthesis with 1.00 g of Al, 40.0 mL of 1.50 M KOH, and 20.0 mL of 9.00 M H2SO4 , which of the three will be the limiting reagent? (e) Assuming that the product is anhydrous (that there are no waters of hydration), calculate the theoretical yield of alum, in grams, based on the amounts of reagents in part (d). 3. Consider the nickel salt: (NH4 )2Ni(SO4 )2 ·y H2O (Ammonium Nickel Sulfate Hydrate), where y is the number of coordinated waters. (a) Assuming that the product is anhydrous (y = 0),…The value of Ka for nitrous acid 1HNO22 at 25 °C is given in Appendix D. (a) Write the chemical equation for the equilibrium that corresponds to Ka.
- The digestion of a 0.1159 gram sample of a phosphorous-containing compound in a mixture of HNO3 and H2SO4 resulted in the formation of CO2, H2O, and H3PO4. Addition of ammonium molybdate yielded a solid having the composition (NH4)3PO4·12MoO3 (FW = 1876.3). This precipitate was filtered, washed, and dissolved in 50.00 mL of 0.2000 M NaOH: (NH4)3PO4•12MoO3(s)+26OH-(aq)->HPO42-(aq)+12MoO42-(aq)+14H2O(l)+3NH3(g) After the solution was boiled to remove the NH3, the excess NaOH was back-titrated with 14.84 mL of 0.1626 M HCl to a phenolphthalein end point. Calculate the percent phosphorous (FW = 30.9737) in the sample.5. One of the key steps in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is the hydration of fumarate to malate: Fumarate-² + H₂O = Malate-2 The standard reaction Gibbs free energy and enthalpy for this reactions are -880 cal/mol and 3560 cal/mol, respectively. (a) What is the equilibrium constant for this reaction (25 °C)? (b) Is the reaction favorable (spontaneous) at 25 °C? (c) What is the equilibrium constant of this reaction under physiological conditions (37 °C)? (d) Is this reaction favorable at 37 °C?The first stage in corrosion of iron upon exposure to air is oxidation to Fe2+. (a) Write a balanced chemical equation to show the reaction of iron with oxygen and protons from acid rain.