During linear increase, TCP computes an increment to the congestion window as: Increment = MSS x (MSS/Congestion Window) Explain why computing this increment each time an ACK arrives may not result in the correct increment. Give a more precise definition for this increment. (Hint: A given ACK can acknowledge more or less than one MSS's worth of data.)
Q: How do we actually compute the factorial?
A: A function called factorial is used to determine how many different ways there are to arrange a…
Q: Write a c++ code that takes a 4-digit binary number as an input and converts it into decimal then…
A: The following steps need to be taken for the given program: Ask the user an integer Check if it is…
Q: Comment on the current status of IPv4 and identify the major emerging problems for IPv4 and discuss…
A: The question has been answered in step2
Q: Indices can speed up query processing, but it's usually a terrible idea to index every attribute,…
A: Introduction: You can use an index, a type of database structure, to enhance the efficiency of…
Q: As a software project manager in a company that specializes in the development of software for the…
A: The project manager for the software must visit at least one offshore industry where the company…
Q: Describe the possible negative effects of proceeding directly to mine data that has not been…
A: The possible negative effects are data may contain the following 1. Missing values. 2. Outliers. 3.…
Q: In a school, there are four teachers X1,X2,X3,X4 and five batches Y1,Y2,Y3,Y4,Y5. Given that teacher…
A: Introduction There are four teachers and five batches . From there given matrix we can construct a…
Q: The Konditorei coffee shop sells coffee at $10.50 a pound plus the costof shipping. Each order ships…
A: We need to find cost of the coffee order, given $10.50 a pound + the cost of shipping and the…
Q: 17824 bits of data is to be transferred from a station A to station B. Assume a call setup time of…
A: Given: call set up time = 0.01 s hops = 3 Total bits N = 17824 Signal Propagation speed = 200 km/s…
Q: What graphics class would be best for drawing a square?a) Square b) Polygon c) Line d) Rectangle
A: Lets see the solution.
Q: What is the statement PORTD = 0b11010110 will display on the 7-segment? a.2 b.3 c.4 d.9
A: Given PORTD = 0b11010110 To what these bytes display on seven segment display.
Q: Suppose two hosts A and B are connected via a router R. The A-R link has infinite bandwidth; the R-B…
A:
Q: There are blank 3 digit counting numbers that are made using only the odd digits 1,3,5,7,9 ?
A: To form a 3 digit number using 1,3,5,7,9. We know that all the 3 digit places are must be one of the…
Q: implements extension that allows window sizes much larger than 64 KB. Suppose that you are using…
A: TCP (transmission Control Protocol) is used to transfer message, send packets over a network by…
Q: In GSM, a "TDMA frame" is composed of eight distinct time slots. Each GSM time slot is 577 s…
A: GSM(Global for Mobile communication ) Global System for Mobile Communications, or GSM. GSM is a…
Q: Suppose most of the Internet used some form of geographical addressing, but that a large…
A: Answer a The organization's internal network address is not routable on the public Internet. As a…
Q: What plan did the reboot project have for ISEE-3? Did the plan work ?
A: ISEE-3 gathered information about particles flowing from the sun. These particles also known as…
Q: Consult Request for Comments 793 to find out how TCP is supposed to respond if a FIN or an RST…
A: Introduction TCP represents Transmission Control Protocol a correspondence standard that empowers…
Q: Draw Gantt Chart and calculate the average waiting time using the given table ?? Burst Time Arrival…
A: Given table contains the Processes and their Burst time, priority and Arrival times. Priority is…
Q: What might a server actually do with the packet-loss-rate data and jitter data in receiver reports?
A: Receiver reports provide information to sender and receivers about computer networks that allow the…
Q: Explain why design conflicts might arise when designing an architecture for which both availability…
A: Here we have given a brief note on why design conflicts might arise when designing an architecture…
Q: Indices can speed up query processing, but it's usually a terrible idea to index every attribute,…
A: Answer : It decrease the performance on insertion and other operations of data.
Q: You have been asked to test a method called 'catWhiteSpace' in a 'Paragraph' object that, within the…
A: The given scenario involves testing a method named "catWhiteSpace" in a "Paragraph" object that…
Q: What is the justification for the exponential increase in timeout value proposed by Kam and…
A:
Q: Suppose Ethernet physical addresses are chosen at random (using true random bits). (a) What is the…
A: Introduction: Apply the birthday problem to decide the probability of two addresses in the network…
Q: If you are using IDLE,you may have to first "point" IDLE to the folder where you saved graphics
A: Lets see the solution.
Q: What is the output produced by the following code? int a=2, b=4; for (int i=0; i<9; i++) a+=2; b+=4;…
A: public class Question{ public static void main(String []args){ int a=2, b=4;…
Q: Explain why TIME. WAIT is a somewhat more serious problem if the server initiates the close than if…
A: Explain why TIME.WAIT is a somewhat more serious problem if the server initiates the close than if…
Q: Develop a sequence diagram showing the interactions involved when a student registers for a course…
A: Sequence Diagram: The sequence-diagram represents the relationships between the different objects…
Q: Assume that TCP implements an extension that allows window sizes much larger than 64 KB. Suppose…
A: We begin with a 1 KB window size that doubles with each RTT. Realizing that 1 MB is 1024 times…
Q: (c) Suppose bar (n) is an O(n) function. Then, using Big-Oh notation, what is the runtime of the…
A: An algorithm is a set of instructions and rules that are required to complete a task. It gives a…
Q: What is the justification for the exponential increase in timeout value proposed by Kam and…
A: Karn's algorithm addresses the problem of getting accurate estimates of the round-trip time for…
Q: What do you think will happen when the operands to the integer divisionor remainder operations are…
A: Lets see the solution.
Q: Find out the generic format for TCP header options from Request for Comments 793. (a) Outline a…
A:
Q: Given Four points: P1 = (1, 1), P2 = (1.5, 1), P3 = (5, 5), and P4 = (4, 6). Create two clusters…
A: Given four points: P1 = (1,1) P2 = (1.5,1) P3 = (5,5) P4 = (4,6) Number of clusters(K) = 2
Q: The Risk Management for Information Systems is the process of identifying and evaluating threats.
A: Introduction: Incorporating risk management procedures in an organization involves detecting,…
Q: nap model, network stablishes a TCP connection with a node on another network. You can assume that…
A: Suppose, network A with address space 192.168.1.0/24 & network B with address space…
Q: a) A language is a finite set of strings over some finite set of alphabets. A language L can be…
A: As per company guidelines, only 3 sub parts will be answered. So, please repost the remaining agian.…
Q: What expression would create a line from (2,3) to (4,5)?a) Line (2 , 3, 4, 5)b) Line ( (2 , 3) , (4…
A: Lets see the solution.
Q: Write a program that determines the distance to a lightning strike based onthe time elapsed between…
A: We need to find the distance to the lightning strike based on their time elapsed between the flash…
Q: W Refer to the exhibit. Identify the name of the component connected in electronic schematic…
A: Below is the answer to above question. I hope this will be helpful for you...
Q: Explain why TIME. WAIT is a somewhat more serious problem if the server initiates the close than if…
A: While compared to the client, TIME-WAIT is a difficulty when trying to shutdown the server. Socket…
Q: Suppose a host wants to establish the reliability of a link by sending packets and measuring the…
A:
Q: State whether the following are true or false. If the answer is false, explain why.c) The expression…
A: Whether both operands are true is indicated by the && (logical AND) operator. The outcome is…
Q: 5. Fill in the diamond with a single conditional (exactly one instance of >=, ==, or !=) so that…
A: The given flow chart has a missing condition that needs to be filled.
Q: - The step function u (t) is integral with respect to time t.* of O Sinusoidal function O Ramp…
A: The question has been answered in step2
Q: Suppose Ethernet physical addresses are chosen at random (using true random bits). (a) What is the…
A:
Q: We have established a family tree and each node in the family tree is a member. Now we want to find…
A: A family tree is a tree based on family history record that can takes you back generations. It can…
Q: A method that changes the state of an object is called a(n)a) stator b) mutator c) constructor d)…
A: When defining an attribute in a class in an object-oriented programming language, it is typical to…
Q: When TCP sends a (SYN, SequenceNum = x), the consequent ACK has Acknowledgment = x + 1; that is,…
A: For establishing a new connection, TCP sent SYN packet along with sequence number = x then the…
Step by step
Solved in 3 steps
- Assume that when establishing a TCP connection, the threshold for the Congestion Window (cwnd) is 1& segments. The congestion control algorithm is TCP Reno. In the oth round, a time out occurs.The ACK packets are then received correctly until the 1 Pth round. In this round, a triple duplicate ack occurs. Then until the 1Sth round, the ack packets are received correctly. Show these steps by plotting (the vertical axis is the congestion window capacity (cwnd) and the horizontal axis is the round number). Also specify the threshold value change each time it occurs. Graph the chart in any software you want and upload the fileConsider a client connecting to a web server via a router as shown in Fig.Q2. Client A sends a request to the server to retrieve a 7.5 Mbytes file. Given that the segment size is 50 Kbytes, the round trip time (RTT) between the server and client is 10 ms, the initial slow-start threshold is 16 and the client's buffer always has a storage space of 1 Mbytes. Assume that TCP Reno is used, there is no loss during transmission and the headers of protocols are ignored. 400 Mbps 200 Mbps 400 Mbps Link a Link b Link c Client Web Server Fig.Q2 (a) Describe how the value of sending window changes as a function of time (in units of RTT) during the whole connection time. 2.During linear increase, TCP computes an increment to the congestion window as: Increment = MSS x (MSS/Congestion Window) Explain why computing this increment each time an ACK arrives may not result in the correct increment. Give a more precise definition for this increment. (Hint: A given ACK can acknowledge more or less than one MSS's worth of data.)
- In TCP Vegas, the calculation of Actual Rate is done by dividing the amount of data transmitted in one RTT interval by the length of the RTT. (a) Show that for any TCP, if the window size remains constant, then the amount of data transmitted in one RTT interval is constant once a full window-full is sent. Assume that the sender transmits each segment instantly upon receiving an ACK, packets are not lost and are delivered in order, segments are all the same size, and the first link along the path is not the slowest. (b) Give a timeline sketch showing that the amount of data per RIT above can be less than Congestion Window.Consider a TCP connection with congestion window size 40 KB, maximum segment size is 2 KB, if time taken by TCP connection to get 37 KB congestion window is 351 ms, round trip time of the connection is __(ms).Consider one TCP connection on a path with a bottleneck link with capacity L. We have a file of size F(assume F is a very large file size). If TCP segment size is B bytes, the two-way propagation delay is tp and connection is always in congestion avoidance phase, find the following: A. Maximum window size that TCP can achieve B. Average window size and average throughput in this TCP connection C. Time it will take from connection establishment to reaching the maximum window size.
- TCP congestion control example. Consider the figure below, where a TCP sender sends 8 TCP segments at t = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Suppose the initial value of the sequence number is 0 and every segment sent to the receiver each contains 100 bytes. The delay between the sender and receiver is 5 time units, and so the first segment arrives at the receiver at t = 6. The ACKs sent by the receiver at t = 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 are shown. The TCP segments (if any) sent by the sender at t = 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18 are not shown. The segment sent at t=4 is lost, as is the ACK segment sent at t=7. TCP sender t=1 T t=2 t=3 t=4+ t=5- t=6+ t=11 t=12 t=13 t=14 t=15 t=16 t=17 t=18 I data segment data segment data segment data segment data segment data segment data segment data segment ACK ACK ACK ACK ACK ACK Ty A A V V htt TCP receiver t=6 t=7 t=8 t=9 t=10 t=11 t=12 t=13 What does the sender do at t=17? You can assume for this question that no timeouts have occurred.TCP congestion control example. Consider the figure below, where a TCP sender sends 8 TCP segments at t = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Suppose the initial value of the sequence number is 0 and every segment sent to the receiver each contains 100 bytes. The delay between the sender and receiver is 5 time units, and so the first segment arrives at the receiver at t = 6. The ACKS sent by the receiver at t = 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 are shown. The TCP segments (if any) sent by the sender att = 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18 are not shown. The segment sent at t=4 is lost, as is the ACK segment sent at t=7. t=1 T data segment t=2+ data segment data segment-- t=3 TCP sender TCP receiver t=4+ t=5+ data segment - data segment t=6+ t36 data segment t=7 data segment t=8 data segment t=9 ACK + t=10 k -- ACK t=11 t=11 t=12 t=12 t=13 t=13 t=14 ACK -ACK ACK t=15 t=16 t=17 ACK t=18 What does the sender do at t=17? You can assume for this question that no timeouts have occurred.Consider a client has established TCP connection with a server and sending data. The propagation delay is 5 ms and there are no timeouts and errors during transmission. The size of the receiver advertised window is 128 KB, the slow-start threshold at the client is 64 KB, and the maximum segment size is 4 KB. The connection is established at time T = 10 ms. What is the size of the congestion window (in KB) at time 90 ms after all acknowledgements are processed?
- Additive-Increase, Multiplicative Decrease (AIMD) refers to... a. TCP increases its round-trip time estimate by 1 second with each ACK received, and divides it by two with each loss event. O b. TCP's congestion control mechanism in the congestion-avoidance phase, in which the congestion window is increased by 1 maximum segment size (MSS) every round-trip time (RT), and decreased by 1/2 when there's a loss event indicated by 3 duplicate ACKS. c. TCP's ability to add additional receivers, one-by-one, until there are too many receivers. At this point, TCP reduces the number of receivers by 1/2 by sending those receivers a reset (RST) packet.Consider that only a single TCP (Reno) connection uses one 10Mbps link which does not buffer any data. Suppose that this link is the only congested link between the sending and receiving hosts. Assume that the TCP sender has a huge file to send to the receiver, and the receiver's receive buffer is much larger than the congestion window. We also make the following assumptions: each TCP segment size is 1,500 bytes; the two-way propagation delay of this connection is 150 msec; and this TCP connection is always in congestion avoidance phase, that is, ignore slow start. A. What is the maximum window size (in segments) that this TCP connection can achieve? B. What is the average window size (in segments) and average throughput (in bps) Of this TCP connection? C. How long would it take for this TCP connection to reach its maximum window again after recovering from a packet loss?An HTTP client opens a TCP connection using an initial sequence number (ISN) of 14,534 and the ephemeral port number of 59,100. The server opens the connection with an ISN of 21,732. Show the three TCP segments during the connection establishment if the client defines the rwnd of 4000 and the server defines the rwnd of 5000. Ignore the calculation of the checksum field.