Draw a phosphorylated tyrosine molecule at physiological pH. Assume that the phosphate group is deprotonated and has a charge of -2. Would the carboxylic acid group of the phosphorylated tyrosine have a lower or higher pKa than that of unmodified tyrosine? Explain.
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- Intramitochondrial ATP concentrations are about 5 mM, and phosphate concentration is about 10 mM. If ADP is five times more abundant than AMP, calculate the molar concentrations of ADP and AMP at an energy charge of 0.85. Calculate AG for ATP hydrolysis at 37 °C under these condi- tions. The energy charge is the concentration of ATP plus half the concen- tration of ADP divided by the total adenine nucleotide concentration: [ATP] + 1/2[ADP] [ATP] + [ADP] + [AMP]Determine the number of moles of ATP that can be generated from the fatty acids in 1 mol of tristearin, a triacylglycerol composed of glycerol esterified to three stearic acidmolecules. What is the fate of the glycerol?Intramitochondrial ATP concentrations are about 5 mM, and phosphate concentration is about 10 mM. If ADP is five times more abundant than AMP,calculate the molar concentrations of ADP and AMP at an energy charge of 0.85. Calculate ∆G for ATP hydrolysis at 37 °C under these conditions.The energy charge is the concentration of ATP plus half the concentration of ADP divided by the total adenine nucleotide concentration.
- Intracellular concentrations in resting muscle are as follows: fructose6-phosphate, 1.0 mM; fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, 10 mM; AMP, 0.1 mM;ADP, 0.5 mM; ATP, 5 mM; and Pi, 10 mM. Is the phosphofructokinasereaction in muscle more or less exergonic than under standard conditions?By how much?Intramitochondrial ATP concentrations are about 5 mM, and phos- phate concentration is about 10 mM. If ADP is five times more abundant than AMP, calculate the molar concentrations of ADP and AMP at an energy charge of 0.85. Calculate AG for ATP hydrolysis at 37 °C under these conditions. The energy charge is the concentra- tion of ATP plus half the concentration of ADP divided by the total adenine nucleotide concentration: [ATP] + 1/2[ADP] [ATP] + [ADP] + [AMP]The venom of the Eastern diamondback rattler and the Indian cobra contains phospholipase A2, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of fatty acids at the C-2 position of glycerophospholipids. The phospholipid breakdownproduct of this reaction is lysolecithin (lecithin is phosphatidylcholine). At high concentrations, this and other lysophospholipids act as detergents, dissolving the membranes of erythrocytes and lysing the cells. Extensive hemolysis may be lifethreatening.(a) All detergents are amphipathic. What are the hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions of lysolecithin?(b) The pain and inflammation caused by a snake bite can be treated with certain steroids. What is the basis of this treatment?(c) Though the high levels of phospholipase A2 in venom can be deadly, this enzyme is necessary for a variety of normal metabolic processes. What are these processes?
- Determine the number of moles of ATP that can be generated from the fatty acids in 1 mol of tristearin, a triacylglycerol composed of glycerol esterified to three stearic acid molecules. What is the fate of the glycerol product in the body?Determine the molecular weight of the protein glycogen phosphorylase which is composed of 842 amino acids.Draw the products that would be produced from phospholipase C cleavage of a glycerophospholipid with a phosphoserine head group, an alpha linoleic acid attached to C2 of glycerol and a linoleic acid attached to C, of glycerol. Draw these products at pH=1. Be sure to number the fatty acid carbons in your products.
- Lithium ion inhibits the synthesis of inositol trisphosphate by inhibiting a reaction in the breakdown of inositol trisphosphate.Explain this apparent paradox.Lithium ion inhibits the synthesis of inositol trisphosphate by inhibiting a reaction in the breakdown of inositol trisphosphate. Explain this apparent paradox.The interconverison of DHAP and GAP greatly favors the formation of DHAP at equilibirum. Yet the conversion of DHAP by triose phosphate isomerase proceeds readily. Why?