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Do all bacteria contain storage granules at all stages in their life cycle? Explain.
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- (b) E. coli has a protective cell envelope 10 nm thick. What percentage of the total volume of the bacterium does the cell envelope occupy? (c) E. coli is capable of growing and multiplying rapidly because it contains some 15,000 spherical ribosomes (diame- ter 18 nm), which carry out protein synthesis. What percent- age of the cell volume do the ribosomes occupy?List and describe the three main types of cytoskeleton. If you wanted to do immunocytochemistry to specifically stain each type of cytoskeleton, what is a protein that could be used for each cytoskeletal type (in other words, what is a unique protein for each cytoskeletal type)? What are three types of actin structures? Describe the involvement of actin structures in cell migration. How is the growth and shrinking of microtubules regulated? Then describe the roles of microtubules in: chromosomal separation during mitosis and the movement of organelles and vesicles within a cell. Describe a possible mechanism on how signaling pathways might impact the cytoskeleton, so that cell migration could be regulated in a localized manner within a multicellular organism. (hint: think about the possible transcriptional regulation of the G-protein regulators) What are 2 main challenges of protein targeting? Then describe one way these challenges are overcome during signal-based targeting and one way…Why is the rigid layer of the bacterial cell wall calledpeptidoglycan?
- Bacterial cells lack nuclei and most cytoplasmic organelles. Explain how these cells must differ from our cells in structure and functionList and describe the three main types of cytoskeleton. If you wanted to do immunocytochemistry to specifically stain each type of cytoskeleton, what is a protein that could be used for each cytoskeletal type (in other words, what is a unique protein for each cytoskeletal type)?What kind of cell is a bacterial cell? Explain.
- Examples of inclusion bodies in bacterial cytoplasm are _____________ and _____________ .You treat a cell with a fluorescently-labelled antibody that recognizes microtubules, and you observe what appears to be a spindle apparatus. Is the cell a prokaryote or a eukaryote? Explain. Some archaebacteria species live in extremely high-salt environments. Cite a specific example of protein modification that has allowed these bacteria to accomplish this.Why Lysosomes Are Know As “the Cleaners” Of The Cell Waste?
- Gram-negative bacteria are surrounded by two membrane bilayers separated by a space termed the periplasm. The periplasm is a multipurpose compartment separate from the cytoplasm. The periplasm has a distinct oxidizing environment that allow certain key protein structural features to be formed. Can you identify an amino acid(s) that would be affected by this oxidizing environment? How would it be affected, and what structural features would be sensitive to this environment? Can you discuss the implications of this from a standpoint of recombinant protein expression?What is one way that the bacterial plasma membrane, and the bacterial cell wall, are functionally similar? And what is one way that the bacterial plasma membrane, and the bacterial cell wall, are functionally different?E. coli cells have peritrichous flagella. What does this mean?