Consider an economy with two consumers, each with a marginal benefit for a public good of MB = 20 - (q/2). If the marginal cost of provision is $5 per unit, what is the efficient level of output?
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- Imagine a firm with a marginal abatement cost (MAC) function equal to: MAC = 32 - 4E. The government offers a $8 per-unit subsidy for abatement. In principle, the firm could ignore the subsidy and continue to emit as many emissions as it was in the absence of government intervention, but there is money to be made from cutting back its emissions. Compared to ignoring the subsidy, how much money could a cost-minimizing firm save or make by cutting back its emissions? (Hint: remember that firms trade off the benefits of the subsidy with the costs of abatement when deciding how much to abate) Answer:Lecture: Externality - Pigou8. All-Leather is a tanning company located on Lake Michigan in Chicago. Its total cost functionis C(QA) = 125 + 8QA + 5QA2, where QA is leather production per week in thousands of pounds.a) If leather sells for $408 per thousand pounds, how much leather will All-Leather produce?How much profit does All-leather earn?Enjoy is a beverage company located on Lake Michigan near All-Leather in Chicago. Enjoy’sproduction of beverages is negatively affected by water pollution from All-Leather’s productionof leather. Enjoy’s total cost function to produce beverages isC(QE) = 10QE +3QE2 + 3QA2where QE is Enjoy’s weekly production of beverages, in thousandsof gallons and, as above, QA is All-Leather’s weekly production of leather.b) Is this an example of a pecuniary externality or a real externality? Explain.c) What is the extra cost to Enjoy from an additional thousand tons of leather production by AllLeather (i.e., the external marginal cost of an extra unit of QA…The figure to the right shows the marginal cost of pollution abatement for two firms, A and B. The firms were initially abating 46 units of pollution each. Now they can trade pollution permits at a price of $22. As a result, firm A sells permits and firm B buys permits. Both firms are now better off and their total saving will be $ (Enter your answer rounded to the nearest whole number.) Dollars per Unit ($) 34 22 10 The Efficiency of Tradable Pollution Permits MCB 31 46 61 Quantity of Pollution Abatement MCA N
- assume that there are 1000 residents of a town, each of whose marginal benefit (willingness to pay) for having x miles of roads is P = 100 - 5x. Roads are built competitively at a marginal cost of MC = 2000 per mile. Roads are a public good. What is the efficient level of roadway construction? It is closest to? If residents decide on road building independently, how many miles of roadway will be built? It is closest to:Suppose demand for a public park (assume it is a pure public good) for two groups of consumers (A and B) is given by:QA = 4 - 0.5PQB = 7 - Pwhere Q is the number of acres each group would like to see incorporated into the park. If the marginal cost to provide the park is a constant $3/acre, what is the socially efficient number of acres for the park?With rental rates exceeding $3,000 per square foot per year, retail space in Causeway Bay, Hong Kong, is among the world's most expensive. In 2011, the Town Planning Board limited the height of future buildings in the area to between 130 and 200 meters. Real estate developer Hysan Group, which owns nine properties in the area, asked the Board to relax the limits, but the Board denied the application. What externality does the height restriction resolve? How would the Hysan Group benefit from relaxing the height restrictions? Should the restrictions on height be the same throughout Hong Kong?
- Attached is the marginal abatement costs of three firms, related to the quantity of emissions. Each firm is now emitting 10 tons per week, so total emissions are 30 tons per week. Suppose we wish to reduce emissions by 50 percent, to 15 tons per week. Compare the total cost of doing this: (a) with an equi-proportionate decrease in emissions (b) with a decrease that meets the equi-marginal principle.The forge produces iron (x) with the cost function C (x) = 31x², while it can sell the iron at the competitive price $19. The farmer produces apples (y) with the cost function C, (x, y) = 4y? + 2xy, while it can sell the apples at the competitive price $14. If the government wants to tax the forge to incentivize it to produce the socially optimal amount, how much should the government tax the forge per unit of iron produced? Round your answer to 2 decimal points. Answer:Consider an industry with two firms that emit a uniformly mixed air pollutant (e.g., carbon dioxide). The marginal abatement cost functions for Firm 1 and Firm 2 are: MAC1 = 100 - e1 MAC2 = 100 - 4e2 Aggregate emissions for the industry are denoted as E = e1 + e2. 1. In an unregulated environment how many units of emissions does each firm emit? Firm 1’s unregulated level of emissions ____________ Firm 2’s unregulated level of emissions ____________ Total unregulated level of emissions ______________ Suppose a regulator has a goal of reducing the total level of emissions from the amount from the amount you answered in [1] to 25 units. The regulator would like to achieve the goal of 25 units of total emissions in a cost-effective way. To do so it issues 25 permits, 10 are given to Firm 1 and 15 are given to Firm 2. A firm can only emit a unit of pollution if they have a permit for that unit, otherwise they must abate. After the permits are allocated,…
- Consider a market with three consumers A, B and C. A has the demand function P = 20 – Q, B has the demand function P = 12 - 0.5Q and C has the demand function P = 8 - 0.5Q. The marginal cost of producing a product is constant at $8. (i) If the product is a private good, compute the market equilibrium quantity. (ii) Will your answer be different if the product is a public good instead? Compare your answer with (i). Hi, may i request for a detailed explaination? Thank you in advancedAcid rain pollution is produced from two sources, a power plant and a smelter. Studies show that the marginal cost of reducing acid pollution at the power plant is given by the function MC (A1) = 10 + A1 where A1 is the units of acid rain reduction (or "abatement") at the power plant; and the marginal cost at the smelter is MC2(A2) 20+ A2. Suppose that the initial level of pollution was 120 units, but the government has limited pollution to 70 units by selling pollution permits to the two polluters – so that the total amount of abatement is 50 units. - Calculate the total demand for permits to pollute at any permit price p per unit of acid rain. If the permit market is competitive, what is the equilibrium price of a permit? How many permits are bought by the power plant, and how many by the smelter? Draw a graph illustrating your answer.A group of 100 residents in a small community have decided to pay for a local police force. Each resident has the same marginal valuation schedule for intensity of police protection per day which is defined in terms of the number of police officers on duty Q as MV (Q) = 30 - 4Q. The protection is a public good and it costs $200 per police officer per day. (a) What number of police officers is efficient? (b) Explain why this level of protection might not be provided in a competitive market.