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Compare and contrast the effects of glucagon and epinephrine on
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- Describe the changes that occur in each step of the mechanism. (The probable mechanism of action of chymotrypsin)Explain in detail Muscarinic receptors in regards to the hisamine agonist. How do they cause smooth muscle contraction. Provide mechanismThe hormones insulin and glucagon play an important role in the regulation of plasma glucose.a) Discuss the antagonistic actions of the hormones insulin and glucagon in regulating blood glucose levels within a narrow physiological range.
- What is the rationale for the inhibition of muscle glycogen phosphorylase by glucose 6- phosphate when glucose 1- phosphate is the product of the phosphorylase reaction?Ethanol is unusual in that it is freely soluble in both water and lipids. Thus, it has access to all regions of the highly vascularized brain. Although the molecular basis of ethanol action in the brain is not clear, ethanol evidently influences a number of neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels. Suggest a biochemical explanation for the diverse effects of ethanol.Digoxin, a toxin derived from the foxglove (shown), can be used to treat heart disorders such as atrial fibrillation. Digoxin’s mechanism of action is to inhibit the Na+/K+ ATPase. Which of the following is the most likely side effect of Digoxin treatment? Failure to transport glucose into cells during an extended fast Failure to transport glucose into cells after after eating a large meal Enhanced response of muscle cells to Acetylcholine Failure to transport Cl- out of the cell using direct active transport
- Bodybuilders use a variety of anabolic substances to gain mass. Two such compounds are insulin and trenbolone. Insulin has significant anabolic and anti-catabolic properties and impacts the metabolism of various macromolecules, not just that of carbohydrates. Trenbolone binds the androgen receptor with an affinity five times higher than that of testosterone and is popular for its fat-burning and anabolic properties. H. Trenbolone C18H2202 Insulin C257H383NosO77S6 How do the different targets, mechanisms of action and durations of each drug ultimately lead to the same desired effect (increase in lean body mass)?The physiological effects of epinephrine should in principle be mimicked by addition of cAMP to the target cells. In practice, addition of cAMP to intact target cells elicits only a minimal physiological response. Why? When the structurally related derivative dibutyryl cAMP (shown below) is added to intact cells, the expected physiological response is readily apparent. Explain the basis for the difference in cellular response to these two substances. Dibutyryl cAMP is widely used in studies of cAMP function.Individuals with McArdle’s disease often experience a “second wind” resulting from cardiovascular adjustments that allow glucose mobilized from liver glycogen to fuel muscle contraction. Explain why the amount of ATP derived in the muscle from circulating glucose is less than the amount of ATP that would be obtained by mobilizing the same amount of glucose from muscle glycogen.
- Describe the effects of The effect on the glucagon response in the liver treated with a cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor on glycogen metabolism on cell signaling pathways and metabolism or cell cycle control.Describe two features of insulin signaling that affect glucose utilization. Aβ-adrenergic response can be modulated through the actions of a receptorkinase and arrestin because phosphorylation by the kinase desensitizes thereceptor. How might signaling by a tyrosine receptor kinase, such as theinsulin receptor, be modulated?In the indicated tissues, how will each process or the activity of each enzyme below be affected by the signal sent upon Glucagon secretion? Use an up (t) or down (1) arrow or NC (no change). (Hint: Decide what pathways will be up-regulated first, then look at the enzymes below!) + Triacylglygerol Lipase (Adipocytes) Phosphofructokinase-2 (Liver) Insulin secretion (Pancreas) Pyruvate Kinase (Muscle) Glycogen Phosphorylase (Liver) Phosphofructokinase-1 (Liver) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1 (Liver) Fatty Acid Biosynthesis (Liver) PEP Carboxxkinase (Liver) Phosphorylation of Perilipins (Adipocytes) Adenylate Cyclase (Liver) Glycogen Synthase (Liver) Acetyl CoA Carboxylase Hexokinase II (Muscle)