Compare and contrast both the structure, AND the molecular mechanisms of the Moderna/Pfizer Covid-19 mRNA vaccines to the Johnson & Johnson adenovirus vaccine. Include in your answer a hypothesis as to why two doses of the mRNA vaccine are required, but only one does of the adenovirus
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Compare and contrast both the structure, AND the molecular mechanisms of the Moderna/Pfizer Covid-19 mRNA vaccines to the Johnson & Johnson adenovirus vaccine. Include in your answer a hypothesis as to why two doses of the mRNA vaccine are required, but only one does of the adenovirus vaccine is required.
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- Please help me answer all parts of this question: (A)What strategy/type of vaccine would you pursue with the hopes of developing a vaccine to a new pandemic Coronavirus, attenuated virus vaccine or an inactivated virus vaccine? Compare how the two are produced, the limitations or advantages, and justify why you have picked one over the other. (B) Now, compare the above vaccines to mRNA vaccines. How are mRNA vaccines delivered? Are they better than the vaccines from part (A)?Several vaccines against viral infections are made by isolating purified surface proteins of the viral particle, mixing them with an adjuvant to stimulate an innate immune response, and injecting the mixture into people. Two examples of this are the vaccine against Hepatitis B virus, and the vaccine against Human Papilloma Virus (the ‘cervical cancer’ vaccine). One interesting property of vaccines of this type (known as ‘subunit vaccines’) is that there is a requirement for a CD4 T cell response to the vaccine antigen in order to generate antibodies to the innocuous protein in the vaccine. In the case of the Hepatitis B vaccine, the viral protein included in the vaccine is the Hepatitis B surface antigen (HepB-SAg), a protein that is approximately 200 amino acids in length. The graph in Figure Q4.27 shows the data from immunizing individuals with this vaccine, and monitoring their production of protective antibody responses to the viral protein. a) What results would be predicted if…Moderna and Pfizer vaccines for COVID-19 use mRNA to the Spike protein combined with lipids. Which of the following is/are advantages of this type of vaccine compared to an inactivated virus vaccine? Select ALL correct answers. a) The vaccine is more stable for transport. b) The vaccine does not contain the virus so it cannot give you COVID-19. c) The vaccine can be rapidly produced in a slightly different form to protect from variants of SARS-CoV-2. d) The vaccine does not need a booster.
- You decide to use a plaque assay with a human lung epithelial cell line to compare the effectiveness of the drug. The results of the plaque assay for one strain of influenza are shown below. Based on these results, what can you conclude about the relative effectiveness of WJ379 at 1 mM compared to oseltamivir at 1 mM? Briefly explain your rationale.The new Covid19 vaccine produced by two companies (Pfizer, Moderna) uses mRNA coding for part of the spike protein of the virus. The virus uses the spike protein to invade human cells where it replicates. Is it surprising that the mRNA must be stabilized with chemicals that need ultra-cold or frozen storage to protect the mRNA from degradation before it causes human muscle cells to make the spike protein? Some Covid 19 vaccines in development use the adenovirus, a common vector used in gene therapies, to inject the mRNa for the spike protein into human muscle cells. Why might vaccines using a virus vector be more likely to need only refrigeration and not deep-cold storage, given what you know about viruses? Some older vaccines used a weakened strain of the pathogenic virus in the injection in the hope that the weakened virus would induce an immune response without causing disease. The virus vectors used in genetic engineering have all the harmful virus genes cut out and replaced with…Briefly explain what type of disease COVID-19 is and how it is transmitted. Select one of the approved and recommended vaccines listed on the CDC site and explain its mechanism of action, and be sure to include: Is the vaccine an mRNA or viral vector vaccine? Explain how it works within the body. How many doses are administrated? If multiple doses (or boosters) are needed, explain the importance. What are two ingredients found in the vaccine and some of the most common side effects? How do vaccines assist our immune system against emerging diseases?
- Protein vaccines include only the parts (i.e. a protein) of a virus that best stimulate your immune system. This type of COVID-19 vaccine contains harmless S proteins. Once your immune system recognizes the S proteins, it creates antibodies and defensive white blood cells. If you later become infected with the COVID-19 virus, the antibodies will fight the virus. Assume that you work in a project for development of such vaccine against COVID-19. The vaccine contains S Protein and your job includes isolation of pure S Protein from the virus determination of charge on the protein (or pI) determination of molecular mass revealing three dimensional (3-D) structure of the protein How would you determine the pI of the protein?Protein vaccines include only the parts (i.e. a protein) of a virus that best stimulate your immune system. This type of COVID-19 vaccine contains harmless S proteins. Once your immune system recognizes the S proteins, it creates antibodies and defensive white blood cells. If you later become infected with the COVID-19 virus, the antibodies will fight the virus. Assume that you work in a project for development of such vaccine against COVID-19. The vaccine contains S Protein and your job includes isolation of pure S Protein from the virus determination of charge on the protein (or pI) determination of molecular mass revealing three dimensional (3-D) structure of the protein How would you isolate (purify) the protein; suggest different techniques and explain the techniques. How would you determine the pI of the protein? Suggest techniques for determination of molecular mass. How would you analyze the structure of the protein?Protein vaccines include only the parts (i.e. a protein) of a virus that best stimulate your immune system. This type of COVID-19 vaccine contains harmless S proteins. Once your immune system recognizes the S proteins, it creates antibodies and defensive white blood cells. If you later become infected with the COVID-19 virus, the antibodies will fight the virus. Assume that you work in a project for development of such vaccine against COVID-19. The vaccine contains S Protein and your job includes isolation of pure S Protein from the virus determination of charge on the protein (or pI) determination of molecular mass revealing three dimensional (3-D) structure of the protein Suggest techniques for determination of molecular mass. How would you analyze the structure of the protein?
- 3) Would mRNA vaccines be as effective against bacteria as they are against viruses? Why or why not? Questions related to SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitor Science Article (Zhang et al.) 1) What is the function of the viral main protease? 2) What is the amino acid recognition sequence that is cleave by this main protease? Indicate where this protease cuts? 3) Would interfering with this protease effect other proteases in human cells? 4) How closely related are the amino acid sequences between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV? What does this suggest about focusing research on inhibiting this enzyme?The COVID-19 vaccines are RNA-based (the RNA codes for a viral antigen). Nucleic acid-based vaccines have been discussed for awhile, but I was surprised that the companies decided on an RNA-based vaccine instead of a DNA-based one (given the instability of RNA compared to DNA). Use your knowledge of molecular biology to discuss the advantages of an RNA-based vaccine over a DNA-based vaccine."You wish to produce a subunit vaccine for a nonenveloped positive‐sense RNA virus that will stimulate the production of neutralizing antibodies in the person receiving it. Indicate which of the following viral proteins would be a logical candidate for such a subunit vaccine, and state a brief justification. a. Viral capsomer proteinb. Viral protein that is bound to the RNA genome inside of the virionc. Viral RNA polymerase"