At the end of 20x5, Alpha Pharma began to implement an environmental quality management program. As a first step, it identified the following costs in its accounting records as environmentally related for the calendar year just ended: Settling personal injury claims Treating and disposing of toxic waste Cleanup of chemically contaminated soil Inspecting products and processes Operating pollution control equipment Licensing facilities for producing contaminants Evaluating and selecting suppliers Developing performance measures Recycling products 20x5 3.000.000 12,000,000 4.500.000 1.500.000 2.100.000 900.000 300.000 150.000 187.500 Required:Prepare an environmental cost report by category. Assume that total operating costs are 150,000,000. Round percentages to two decimal places, if rounding is required.
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- Management of Ellen Software Services (ESS) has recently implemented a TQM program to eliminate a serous level of "program bugs" that plagued its recent product releases. The following activities and their costs were taken from ESS's records. The data are for 2019 (the year prior to the TQM program) and 2021 (the year after the start of the TQM program). 2019 2021 Design documentation standards development 100,000 Documentation of customer training process 20,000 Documentation of changes to software 5,000 20,000 Customer training 100,000 130,000 Software testing - Customer site 130,000 80,000 Software – testing – pre-release 50,000 140,000 Telephone "on-line" customer problem support 90,000 60,000 Software corrections and redesign 50,000 20,000 Field "trouble shooting" for customer support 140,000 80,000 Costs of Contract cancellations 180,000 30,000 Revenues lost due to delivery date delays 120,000 Training for systems designers/programmers 100,000 250,000 Training for sales staff…Verde Company reported operating costs of 50,000,000 as of December 31, 20x5, with the following environmental costs: Required: 1. Prepare an environmental cost report, classifying costs by quality category and expressing each as a percentage of total operating costs. What is the message of this report? 2. Prepare a pie chart that shows the relative distribution of environmental costs by category. What does this report tell you? 3. What if Verde deliberately did not include the cost of damaging the ecosystem because of solid waste disposal in its environmental cost report? Offer possible reasons for this decision. If consciously avoided, is this decision unethical?The following environmental cost reports for 20x3, 20x4, and 20x5 (year end December 31) are for the Communications Products Division of Kartel, a telecommunications company. In 2011, Kartel committed itself to a continuous environmental improvement program, which was implemented throughout the company. At the beginning of 20x5, Kartel began a new program of recycling nonhazardous scrap. The effort produced recycling income totaling 25,000. The marketing vice president and the environmental manager estimated that sales revenue had increased by 200,000 per year since 20x3 because of an improved public image relative to environmental performance. The companys Finance Department also estimated that Kartel saved 80,000 in 20x5 because of reduced finance and insurance costs, all attributable to improved environmental performance. All reductions in environmental costs from 20x3 to 20x5 are attributable to improvement efforts. Furthermore, any reductions represent ongoing savings. Required: 1. Prepare an environmental financial statement for 20x5 (for the Products Division). In the cost section, classify environmental costs by category (prevention, detection, etc.). 2. Evaluate the changes in environmental performance.
- Ethics in Action In August, Lannister Company introduced a new performance measurement system in manufacturing operations. One of the new performance measures is lead time, which is determined by tagging a random sample of items with a log sheet throughout the month. The log sheets recorded the time that the sample items started production and the time that they ended production, as well as all steps in between. At the end of the month, the controller collected the log sheets and computed the average lead time of the tagged products. This number was reported to central management and was used to evaluate the performance of the plant manager. Because of the poor lead time results reported for August, the plant was under extreme pressure to reduce lead time in September. The following memo was intercepted by the controller. Date: September 3 To: Hourly Employees From: Plant Manager During last month, you may have noticed that some of the products were tagged with a log sheet. This sheet records the time that a product enters production and the time that it leaves production. The difference between these two times is termed the lead time. Our plant is evaluated on improving lead time. From now on, I ask all of you to keep an eye out for the tagged items. When you see a tagged item, it is to receive special attention. Work on that item first, and then immediately move it to the next operation. Under no circumstances should tagged items wait on any other work that you have. Naturally, report accurate information. I insist that you record the correct times on the log sheet as the product goes through your operations. How should the controller respond to this discovery?The following items are listed in an environmental financial statement (issued as part of an environmental progress report): Environmental benefits (savings, income, and cost avoidance): Ozone-depleting substances cost reductions Hazardous waste disposal cost reductions Hazardous waste material cost reductions Nonhazardous waste disposal cost reductions Nonhazardous waste material cost reductions Recycling income Energy conservation cost savings Packaging cost reductions Environmental costs: Corporate-level administrative costs Auditor fees Environmental engineering Facility professionals and programs Packaging professionals and programs for packaging reductions Pollution controls: Operations and maintenance Pollution controls: Depreciation Attorney fees for cleanup claims, and notices of violations (NOVs) Settlements of government claims Waste disposal Environmental taxes for packaging Remediation/cleanup: On-site Remediation/cleanup: Off-site Required: 1. Classify each item in the statement as prevention, detection, internal failure, or external failure. In classifying the items listed in the environmental benefits category, first classify the underlying cost item (e.g., the cost of hazardous waste disposal). Next, think of how you would classify the cost of the activities that led to the cost reduction. That is, how would you classify the macro activity: reducing hazardous waste cost disposal? 2. Assuming ecoefficiency, what relationship over time would you expect to observe between the environmental benefits category and the environmental costs category?In response to intense foreign competition, Florex Company has taken steps to improve the quality of its products. A summary of its quality costs (in thousands) over the past two years is given below: Inspection Quality engineering Depreciation of test equipment Rework labor Statistical process control Cost of field servicing Prevention costs: Total prevention costs Appraisal costs Total appraisal costs Internal failure costs: Total internal failure costs External failure costs: Costs (in thousands) Last Year This Year $ 630 $ 918 $ 540 $ 720 $ 180 Supplies used in testing Systems development Warranty repairs Net cost of scrap Product testing Product recalls $ 720 $ 990 $ 2,610 Disposal of production defects $ 900 Sales have been flat over the past few years, at $90,000,000 per year. Required: 1. Prepare a quality cost report for this year and last year. Note: Enter amount values in thousands. Round your percentage answers to 2 decimal places (i.e 0.1234 should be entered as 12.34).…
- Which enhancing quality best describes the business scenario below? Target Corporation issues its quarterly (10Q) report immediately after each quarter ends. Home Depot has used straight-line depreciation since it began operations General Mills and Kellogg’s both use the FIFO cost flow assumption Ford Motor Company’s annual reports are audited by certified public accountants.In response to intense foreign competition, Florex Company has taken steps to improve the quality of its products. A summary of its quality costs (in thousands) over the past two years is given below: Inspection Quality engineering Depreciation of test equipment Rework labor Statistical process control Cost of field servicing Supplies used in testing Systems development Warranty repairs Prevention costs: Total prevention costs Appraisal costs Total appraisal costs Internal failure costs: Costs (in thousands) Last Year Total internal failure costs External failure costs: $630 $ $ $ 420 $588 1,050 $0 1,260 $ 42 $840 $ 4,200 $420 $840 $ 2,520 $630 Net cost of scrap Product testing Product recalls Disposal of production defects. Sales have been flat over the past few years, at $84,000,000 per year. Total external failure costs Total quality cost This Year $ 1,008 Required: 1. Prepare a quality cost report for this year and last year. Note: Enter amount values in thousands. Round your…Nabors Company had actual quality costs for the year ended June 30, 20x5, as given below. At the zero-defect state, Nabors expects to spend 375,000 on quality engineering, 75,000 on vendor certification, and 50,000 on packaging inspection. Assume sales to be 25,000,000. Required: 1. Prepare a long-range performance report for 20x5. What does this report tell the management of Nabors? 2. Explain why quality costs still are present for the zero-defect state. 3. What if Nabors achieves the zero-defect state reflected in the report? What are some of the implications of this achievement?
- DataSpan, Inc., automated its plant at the start of the current year and installed a flexiblemanufacturing system. The company is also evaluating its suppliers and moving toward LeanProduction. Many adjustment problems have been encountered, including problems relating toperformance measurement. After much study, the company has decided to use the performancemeasures below, and it has gathered data relating to these measures for the first four months ofoperations.Month1 2 3 4Throughput time (days) ? ? ? ?Delivery cycle time (days) ? ? ? ?Manufacturing cycle efficiency (MCE) ? ? ? ?Percentage of on-time deliveries 91% 86% 82% 78%Total sales (units) 3460 3312 3143 3025Management has asked for your help in computing throughput time, delivery cycle time, and MCE.The following average times have been logged over the last four months: Average per Month (in days)1 2 3 4Move time per unit 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.6Process time per unit 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5Wait time per order before start of production 23.0…Robotic Construction Toys Corp. is using a costs-of-quality approach to evaluate design engineering efforts for a new toy robot. The company's senior managers expect the engineering work to reduce appraisal, internal failure, and external failure activities. The predicted reductions in activities over the two-year life of the toy robot follow. Also shown are the cost allocation rates for the activities. (Click on the icon to view the information.) Data table Activity Inspection of incoming materials Inspection of finished goods.... Number of defective units discovered in-house. Number of defective units discovered by customers.. Lost sales to dissatisfied customers Requirements ...... **** Predicted Reduction in Activity Units 3. What major difficulty would management have had in implementing this costs-of-quality approach? What alternative approach could it use to measure quality improvement? 300 $ 300 $ 3,200 $ 900 $ 320 $ - 1. Calculate the predicted quality cost savings from the…Classifying Costs of Quality Paul Miller, controller of Meta Medical, has reviewed the costs of quality records for the past years. Meta Medical provides calibration and maintenance services for sophisticated medical equipment in the Midwest. Training, testing, and service calls are major costs that seem to grow each year. Miller is trying to measure possible ways to reducing the total costs of quality as part of a review of all processes and activities within the firm. He assembled the following costs: Parts warranty, including replacement labor 92,000 Emergency trips to service client machines 86,000 Rental of substitute equipment to cover client downtime 43,000 Training of repair technicians (time and travel) 196,000 Inspection of finished repairs 45,000 Testing and certifications of calibration equipment 15,000 Development of client testing processes and diagnostics 31,500 Miller is aware of two contracts that were cancelled this past year because of client complaints about poor…