Assuming that the production of paint results in chemical pollution of the land and water and that Sp represents the private supply curve and Ss represents the social supply curve, the socially optimal level of output of paint in the graph below is: R 0 Ob O Oc @ a b c S $ C
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- Suppose Scott and Bob live on the same street. in the winter, both of them like their street plowed. Bob's demand is given by 0 = 40 - P, and Scott's demand is gren by 0 = 30 - 2P. Suppose the marginal cost of plowing the snow is constant at $35 (a) What is the social marginal benefit curve? (b) What is the socially efficient amount of plowing? (c) What would be the socially efficient amount of plowing if the marginal cost of plowing were $5?The socially efficient level of production occurs where the marginal cost curve intersects...Hectares of Park 1 2 3 Figure 4.7 Willingness to pay for a Public Park 5 Consumer Group 1 Refer to Figure 4.7. As MWTP increases; increases declines; declines declines; increases the table does yield enough information MWTP $6 $4 $2 $0 $0 total willingness to pay. Consumer Group 2 MWTP $6 $5 $4 $3 $2
- The inverse demand for energy-efficient refrigerators is P = 2,000 – 10Q, where Q measures refrigerators per month. The inverse supply of energy-efficient refrigerators is P = 10Q. Suppose the use of an energy-efficient refrigerator reduces carbon dioxide emissions, generating an external marginal benefit of $100. The socially optimal quantity of energy-efficient refrigerators is ____. 105 115 130 95No hand written solution Afirm has an industrial plant that emits pollutants into a town’s lake. The plant’s marginal abatement function is MAC= 200 – 0.5E and damages caused by its emissions are given by MD = 2E where emissions are in kg. per day. What is the socially efficient level of emissions from this plant? Illustrate this in a graph. As an incentive to reduce emissions to the socially efficient level, government offers to pay the firm for each kg. of emissions it abates per day from this plant. What subsidy per kg. should the government offer? If the plant abates to the socially efficient level of emissions, what total subsidy payment would the firm receive? Identify the area in your graph. How much better or worse off would the firm be compared to if it did no abating? Identify the area in your graph. What would be the net benefit to society if we pay the firm to reduce the plant’s emissions to the socially efficient level? Identify this area in your graph.Consider a firm that emits pollution into the air. Suppose that the marginal damage costs associated with the emissions are given by MDC -15+ 4 c, where e is the quantity of the emissions. The firm's marginal costs of abatement are given by (a) (b) 390 (c) MAC 1200 - 20 c. Determine the quantity of emissions that the firm would discharge in the absence of government policy. Determine the socially efficient level of emissions. Calculate the total costs to society for both a and b and draw a diagram illustrating these costs.
- When the rate of output is at the socially efficient level, _______________. net social value which is equal to total WTP minus total costs is as large as possible the total willingness to pay is as large as possible profit is a large as possible output is as large as possibleSuppose the supply curve of a product is given by P = 5 + 0.1Q, where P is the daily rent per unit in dollars and Q is the quantity. The demand curve for the product is 20 – 0.2Q. (i)If the production of each unit of the product imposes $3 per day in externalcosts on others, by how much will the equilibrium number of the productexceed the socially optimal number? (ii)How would the imposition of a tax of $3 per unit on each product affect efficiency in this market?Consider the following graph of the market for chemical solvents, production of which damages a waterbody used for recreation. O A 00 Pric B 0 EH HL The firm's marginal profit (Mp) at the socially efficient equilibrium is GK K DG MSC MPC MSB = MPB Q of chemical solvents
- The market for plasticans is perfectly competitive. Market Supply is givenby Q=4P and Market Demand is given by Q=368-2P. Each extra unit ofplastican produced creates a positive externality of $5. What is theefficient quantity? Efficient quantity is determined by setting Marginal Social Costs(=Marg. Pvt. Cost + Marg. External Cost.) equal to Marg. SocialCost=MWTP which is captured by the Demand curveThe market for plasticans is perfectly competitive. Market Supply is givenby Q=8P and Market Demand is given by Q=417-3P. Each extra unit ofplastican produced imposes a negative externality of $7. What is theefficient quantity? Efficient quantity is determined by setting Marginal Social Costs(=Marg. Pvt. Cost + Marg. External Cost.) equal to Marg. SocialCost=MWTP which is captured by the Demand curve.PRICE (Dollars per ton) 70 63 56 49 42 35 28 + 21 T 14 7 0 Demand +++ 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 QUANTITY (Millions of tons) Graph Input Tool Daily Demand for Pollution Rights Price (Dollars per ton) Quantity Demanded (Millions of tons) 7 360 Suppose the government has determined that the socially optimal quantity of particulate matter is 120 million tons per day. One way governments can charge firms for pollution rights is by imposing a per-unit tax on emissions. A tax (or price in this case) of $ of particulate matter emitted will achieve the desired level of pollution. ? per ton Now suppose the U.S. government does not know the demand curve for pollution and, therefore, cannot determine the optimal tax to achieve the desired level of pollution. Instead, it auctions off tradable pollution permits. Each permit entitles its owner to emit one ton of particulate matter per day. To achieve the socially optimal quantity of pollution, the government auctions off 120 million…