Applying: Which of the following commonly acts as the precursor for the synthesis of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in plants? * glucose O ribulose fructose ribose Analyzing: Which of the following best describes chitin? * a branched homopolysaccharide of N acetyl glucosamine a complex polymer of many sugars homopolysaccharide of N acetyl glucosamine heteropolysaccharide of N acetyl glucosamine and N acetyl muramic acid
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- Drawing the Structure of a Glycopeptide (Integrates with Chapters 4and 5.) Consider the peptide DGNILSR, where N has a covalentlylinked galactose and S has a covalently linked glucose. Draw thestructure of this glycopeptide, and also draw titration curves for theglycopeptide and for the free peptide that would result from hydrolysis of the two sugar residues.IX. Insulin, a hormone vital in blood sugar regulation and having a polypeptide chain with disulfide linkages, loses its regulatory activity when heated at nearly 100°C for 5-10 minutes. Explain the molecular basis of this observed thermal property of insulin relative to its native structure and function. I--Assignment on KetohexosesConstruct the structure of the following enantiomers or mirror images:1. D and L Fructose2. D and L Allulose3. D and L Sorbose4. D and L Tagatose
- Using the acromyn LILHOT give the 6 major families of enzymes found in biological systems. Describe the enzymatic activity of the "I" in LILHOT. Explain what is meant by the term, “high energy compound”. Name a thioester molecule that is commonly found in biochemical reactions. Explain why thioesters are “high energy” compounds. Describe the molecular structure of cellulose. How does this structure explain why cellulose forms strong fibers? Explain why digestion of cellulose takes a long time even when catalyzed by an enzyme. The enzyme phosphofructokinase transfers a phosphate from ATP to the hydroxyl group a C1 of fructose. Similar to fructose, water also has a hydroxyl group and the concentration of water is much higher than that of fructose. Explain why the phosphate is transferred to fructose and not to water.Activity (% Max.) Using your knowledge of aspartyl proteases, develop a plausible explanation for why protein activity changes when pH is increased or decreased from pH 4, as shown in the graph. 06 08 09 10+ 4. 9. Hd Which statements are true? The protein is active when one asp residue is protonated and the other is deprotonated. O Both asp residues are protonated at more basic pH values. O Active aspartyl proteases have only one asp residue in the active site. Only one asp side chain is protonated at low pH (below pH 3.5). Both asp side chains are deprotonated at higher pH values.
- 16-24 diastereomers? Explain your answer. Both? when the motecue hasonly che stereocenter then the epiners are encintomers. When the molecule hastwo umor ster Draw Haworth projection formulas for dimers of glucose having the a B1-4 linkage (both molecules of glucose in the B form) a) b) c) an a,a (1-1) linkage a B1-6 linkage between 2 ß-glucose units epime are dia sterWhich of the following best describes dextrans? The main linkage between glucose units is α1→4 Consists of a linear chain of hundreds to thousands of β(1→4) linked D-glucose units Gycosidic branches can be (1,2), (1,3), or (1,4) A linear glucanVelocity, activity units/mg protein 31 5 4 3 ~ 0 5 15 20 Aspartate concentration, mM 10 - Control - With CTP With ATP 25 Figure 2: Kinetics of ATCase in the presence of ATP and CTP (based on Gerhart and Pardee, 1962). The kinetics of the ATCase reaction were examined using increasing concentrations of aspartate, in the presence and absence of CTP and ATP as shown in Figure 2. a. What information can you obtain by looking at the shapes of the curves in this figure? b. What kinetic parameter(s) change in the presence of CTP? What parameter(s) do not change? What is the significance of these observations? c. Answer question 2b for ATP.
- Properties of an Enzyme of Prostaglandin Synthesis.Prostaglandins are a class of eicosanoids, fatty acid derivatives with a variety of extremely potent actions on vertebrate tissues. They are re-sponsible for producing fever and inflammation and its associated pain. Prostaglandins are derived from the 20-carbon fatty acid arachidonic acid in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme prostaglandin en-doperoxide synthase. This enzyme, a cyclooxygenase, uses oxygen to convert arachidonic acid to PGG2, the immediate precursor of many different prostaglandins (prostaglandin synthesis is described in Chapter 21). a)The kinetic data given below are for the reaction catalyzed by prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase. Focusing here on the first two columns, determine the Vmax and Km of the enzyme. b)Ibuprofen is an inhibitor of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase. By inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins, ibuprofen reduces inflammation and pain. Using the data in the first and third columns of…Activity: Write the line structure of each of the following peptide at pH7 and identify how many peptide bond in each number. 1. Glycyl-valyl-serine 2. Threonyl-cysteine 3. Isoleucyl-methionyl-aspartateGlycerophospholipids Phosphatidylethanolamine 1. classify the fatty acids as essential or non-essential and also as saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated. 2. Calculate the net ATP yield per fatty acid after complete oxidation. Show your solution using a table of pathways, reducing equivalents, and ATP 3. In case the cell is in a state requiring large amount of ATP to support energy-requiring reactions/pathways, assuming that you have 1 mole of each of the said lipids are catabolized and complete oxidized, will the total net ATP yield from these two lipids be higher or lower than the sum of the net ATPs generated from each fatty acid components? Justify your answer in biochemical terms and using 5 sentences or less.