Apicomplexans evolved from a photosynthetic ancestor and have the remnant of a chloroplast. This organelle no longer acts in photosynthesis, but remains essential to the protist. Why might targeting this organelle yield an antimalarial drug with minimal side effects in humans?
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Apicomplexans evolved from a photosynthetic ancestor and have the remnant of a chloroplast. This organelle no longer acts in photosynthesis, but remains essential to the protist. Why might targeting this organelle yield an antimalarial drug with minimal side effects in humans?
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- Consider the complex life cycle of apicomplexans. Which stage would be most vulnerable to drug treatment in an effort to treat a human disease caused by an apicomplexan?Pathways include the complete glycolytic pathway, the citric acid cycle and Electron Transport System . Amino acid biosynthesis and the production of purines are complete, however of the pyrimidines, the cytidine production pathway lacks the final cytidine triphosphate synthetase, hence, cytidine cannot be synthesized. In order for C. diphtheriaeto to colonize the host, it needs this pyrimidine base. What is this nutrient requirement called, and from where does the bacterium obtain it?Many antibiotics used in modern medicine are compounds made by fungi that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. Describe the specific effect of the following antimicrobial drugs: (i) Tetracycline (ii) Puromycin (iii) Alpha-Amanitin
- An organism is a mixotroph loses its plastids, it survives because of which reason; 1. It has an endospore and becomes dormant until conditions improve 2. It has photosynthesis by membranes present in the cytoplasm 3. since it is also a heterotroph engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absorption for nutrition 4. uses mitochondria that acquite after loosing its plastidsDescribe the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii, where does Toxoplasma "want" to be? How does toxo gets into rats and deal with the problems of being stuck in the wrong host animal?In the diagram below, identify the structures of a cyanobacterial cell based on the following descriptions: a) Outer cellular covering which includes: Mucilaginous layer – outermost layer covering the cell wall; protects the cell from harmful factors of the environment Cell wall – found just below the mucilaginous layer; 2 or 3-layered, the inner layer lies in between the outer wall layer and plasma membrane; the outer layer is made of peptidoglycan Innermost plasma membrane – selectively permeable membrane enclosing the cytoplasm b) Cytoplasm – found below the plasma membrane; the protoplasm which contains structures of different shapes and functions. Lamellae, which contain pigments such as chlorophylls, carotenes, xanthophylls, phycoerythrin and phycocyanin, are located in the peripheral region of cytoplasm. Ribosomes may also be found scattered in the cytoplasm. c) Nucleic material – the nucleoplasm that is centrally located in the cell and contains chromatin in the form…
- Why have molecular biologists sequenced the genomes of severalparasitic protists?Many antibiotics used in modern medicine are compounds made by fungi that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. Describe the specific effect of the following antimicrobial drugs: (i) Chloramphenicol (ii) RifamycinWhy do yeasts generally have to be cultured for longer periods than most bacteria? Can bacteriological media be used for the cultivation of molds? Explain your answer. What is the difference between vegetative and aerial mycelia? What are the three classes of antifungal drugs based on their mechanism/site of action? Describe the mode of action of each class. Name one fungal virulence factors that promote fungal colonization. Explain the mechanism. Name one fungal virulence factors that damage the host. Explain the mechanism.
- In the early 1930s, G. F. Gause carried out a series of experiments using two species of ciliated protists (Paramecium), which are single-celled eukaryotic protozoans. The protists were cultured together and separately, with the bacteria being the single food source. The results are shown in the figure below. (a) Based on figure, identify and explain the interaction that is taking place between P. caudatum and P. aurelia. (b) Clam shrimp, a natural predator to P. caudatum, is introduced to the culture containing both P. caudatum and P. aurelia after 24 days. Predict the impact that the clam shrimp will have on the culture and the populations. Justify your prediction.Evidence indicating the chloroplasts were originally free-living prokaryotes that subsequently evolved a symbiotic relationship with a eukaryotic host includes all of the following except: Ability of chloroplasts to synthesize all their own proteins Presence of circular DNA in chloroplasts and in free-living prokaryotes Similarities of rRNA sequences between chloroplasts and free-living prokaryotes Similarities of structures between chloroplasts and some contemporary free-living prokaryotes Ca salt water protist is placed in fresh water. Which of the following events would most likely occur? a.) the cell would shrink b.) the cell would remain the same (no change in shape) c.) the cell would start to cry d.) the cell would swell e.) an increase in the action of its cilia
