The gap junction channel formed by connexin 43 in cardiac muscle has which of the following properties? A. Is highly selective for sodium ions. B. Is opened and closed by a gate on the intracellular side of S4 C. Is non-selective for a wide variety of ions. D. Is opened and closed by positive charges on 54 E. None of the above
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- The gap junction channel formed by connexin 43 in cardiac muscle has which of the following properties? OA. It links excitation and calcium release between the Sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle. OB. Is opened and closed by a gate on the intracellular side of S4 OC is composed of Hexamers. OD. Is opened and closed by positive charges on S4 OE. All of the aboveα-Bungarotoxin is a powerful neurotoxin found in the venom of a poisonous snake (Bungarus multicinctus). It binds with high specificity to the acetylcholine receptor (AChR; an integral membrane protein) andprevents its ion channel from opening. This interaction was used to purify AChR from the electric organ of torpedo fish.(a) Outline a strategy for using α-bungarotoxin covalently bound to chromatography beads to purify the AChR protein. (b) Outline a strategy for the use of [125I]α-bungarotoxin to purify the AChR protein.Which of the following statements is not true? A. Lidocaine cannot function as a channel blocker if it is not charged B. TTX cannot function as a channel blocker if it is charged C.Lidocaine must fit inside the channel to work as a blocker D.TTX can access its binding site even if the channel is closed
- In nerve cells, sodium-potassium pumps exchange two K^++start superscript, plus, end superscript for three Na^++start superscript, plus, end superscript across the cell membrane. What is the primary purpose of this exchange? a.To increase the concentration of K+ outside the cell b.To increase the concentration of K+ outside the cell c.To propagate an action potential d.To increase the concentration of Na+ inside the cellGABA receptors play an essential role in neurotransmission in the central nervous system. In response to the appropriate signal, these receptors open up and allow CI (chloride ions) to flow into the cell. Given this information, GABA receptors can be classified as a A. gated ion channel B. carrier protein O C. symporter D. enzymeABC transporters are: a. An example of active transport with activity in multi-drug resistance. b. An example of passive-mediated transport with activity in multi-drug resistance. c. An example of an ion channel that binds ATP for effective transport. d. An example of a pump involved in Ca2+ transport. e. An example of an antiporter.
- Conotoxin is produced by marine cone snails. Among its effects is to block voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in n eurons. A. What anatomical part of a neuron would be affected by conotoxin? B. How would the neuron's action potential be affected by conotoxin? Explain, using at least TWO of the following terms: threshold, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, summation, IPSP, EPSP, exocytosis C. If conotoxin affected a somatic motor neuron, would this toxin cause muscle weakness or increased muscle tension? Explain why.The contraction of cardiac muscle cells results from the increase in Ca?+ levels in the cytosol. For these cells to relax, an antiport removes Ca?+ from the cytosol for every Nat that is taken in. Digitalis is a drug that is used to make the heart contract more strongly. This drug partially inhibits the Na*-K* ATPase in the cardiac cells. Applying the concepts from membrane transport, answer the following: a. Propose an explanation for the drug's effect. b. What will likely happen if too much of the drug is taken in? Why do you say so?Which of the following statements about "leak channels" in the plasma mem- brane is correct? A. Proteins that form these channels bind to solutes to allow them to pass into the cell. B. They are passageways formed by proteins to allow water and ions to move passively through the membrane. C. They allow small ions and molecules to move between adjacent cells. D. They are formed by glycoprotein and proteoglycans to allow hormones to enter cells.
- Here is a chloride cell in the gill epithelium of a fish. For reference, NKA = Na+/K+ ATPaseNKCC = Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter. CFTR allows for movement of Cl- from inside the cell out into the water down a concentration gradient. Which of the following would be true of CFTR? A. It is a primary active transporter. B. It is a symporter. C. It is a secondary active transporter. D. It is a channel that allows for facilitated diffusion.Here is a chloride cell in the gill epithelium of a fish. For reference, NKA = Na+/K+ ATPaseNKCC = Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter. The NKCC (Na+ K+ Cl- cotransporter) moves Cl- into the cell against its concentration gradient. What type of transport does NKCC carry out?A. passive diffusionB. facilitated diffusionC. secondary active transportD. primary active transportHow much time would it take ATP to diffuse the following distances? (Use the equation for mean squared displacement in 1 dimension.) A. 1 µm (roughly the size of a bacterium) B. 6 µm (roughly the diameter of a T cell) C. 1 m (roughly the length of the axon of the sciatic nerve, which extends from the spinal cord to the big toe) D. Besides diffusion, what other mechanisms might a neuron use to transmit signals and transport molecules?