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- please help me I can't find answers for these questions: here is the link for the article https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2805cancer.html What type of substances are angiostatin and endostatin and where are they produced? What do they do? A) describe the experiments using cow bones to discover anti-angiogenic substances. Why was this used as a source of these potential proteins? B) describe the “accidental” discovery of a novel antiangiogenic substance because of lab contamination?The terminal sugars of the antigenic determinants of A and B blood groups are: O a. N-acetyl-galactosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine O b. D-galactose and N-acetyl glucosamine O c. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and L-fucose O d. N-acetyl-galactosamine and D-galactoseNeurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an inherited is an inheritent dominant disorder. The phenotype usually involves the production of many skin neurofibromas. Answer the following questions about the disorder: a) Are the NF1 neurofibromatosis-causing mutations that are inherited by affected children from affected parents likely to be loss-of-function or gain-of-function mutations? b) Neurofibromin, the protein product of NF1, is associated with the Ras protein. Ras is involved in the transduction of extracellular signals from growth factors. The active form of Ras is complexed with GTP; the inactive form is complexed with GDP. Would the wild-type neurofibromin protein favor the formation of Ras-GTP or Ras-GDP? c) Which of the following events in a normal cell from an individual inheriting a neurofibromatosis-causing allele could cause the descendents of that cell to turn into a neurofibroma? i. A second point mutation in…
- Which of the following effectively describes the situation of someone with an inherited predisposition to cancer such as familial adenomatous polyposis or BRCA-associated familial breast cancer? Choose all that apply a) If they get malignant cancer, somatic mutations will not have been a factor b) Their cancer will most likely arise in their germ cells, not their somatic cells c) None of the answers effectively describes the situation d) Every cell of their body contains a gain-of-function allele of an oncogene e) Most cells in their body contain multiple cancer-causing mutations f) Every cell of their body contains a defective, loss-of-function allele of a tumor suppressor geneTay–Sachs disease is a severe autosomal recessive genetic disease that produces deafness, blindness, seizures, and, eventually, death at 2 to 3 years of age. The disease results from a defect in the HEXA gene, which encodes hexosaminidase A. This enzyme normally degrades GM2 gangliosides. In the absence of hexosaminidase A, GM2 gangliosides accumulate in the brain. The results of molecular studies showed that the most common mutation causing Tay–Sachs disease is a 4-bp insertion that produces a downstream premature stop codon. Results of further studies have revealed that the transcription of the HEXA gene is normal in people who have Tay–Sachs disease, but the HEXA mRNA is unstable. Propose a mechanism to account for how a premature stop codon could cause mRNA instability.How are the genes in the beta-globin locus different from each other? A) They have different evolutionary origins, from different ancestral genes. B) They have different sequences and locations on the chromosome. (C) They are expressed at different times in developmnent. (D) Some are expressed in all cells; some are expressed only in red blood cells. E) They are dispersed on on different chromosomes.
- For the following diseases, describe the best technique for diagnosing them. Please make sure you include how you would tell someone with the disease from someone without the disease. B. Factor V Leiden thrombophilia is caused by a point mutation at position 1691 in exon 10 of the Factor V clotting factor gene that changes an arginine into a glutamine. This change removes one of the cleavage sites for activated protein C and leads to an increased tendency to clot.MSH2 is a gene commonly associated with HNPCC (Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer). This gene encodes a protein that is involved in mismatch repair. Why are individuals who are heterozygous for the deletion mutation of MSH2 gene (MSH2+/MSH2-) from birth are very likely to develop colon cancer very early in their lives?This is a blank question. Thank you in advance, Bloom Syndrome Bloom syndrome is a rare genetic disorder. It is characterized by short stature and a long narrow face with prominent nose and ears. There is also increased sensitivity to light. People who have the disorder often develop rashes on their face, forearms, and hands when they have been exposed to the sun. In addition, these people often suffer from chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) and have a higher chance of developing cancer. The cause of this genetic disorder is a mutation in the BLM gene located on chromosome 15. The immediate effect of this mutation is that there is a defect in the functioning of the DNA helicase enzyme. What would be the effect of this mutation on DNA replication? What stage of the cell cycle would be most affected?
- 1) A) List 15 drugs (monoclonal antibodies can be used) used clinically to treat cancer in humans. These targets must be signal transduction pathway components. B) For each drug, list the specific protein targeted. C) For each drug, describe the efficacy of treatment (i.e. what is the success rate in life extension) as well as appropriate cost of treatment whether it be per round or an average annual cost.The phenotype of a heterozygous mouse (Aa) is agouti. The agouti banding pattern is due to altered expression of the agouti gene. Which of the following statement is false? a) Expression of the agouti gene inhibits the production of eumelanin. b) Evidence suggests that the agouti gene is only expressed in tissues associated with fur production. c) Epigenetic markers silence the agouti gene resulting in dark pigmentation at the tip and root of the hair. d) All of the aboveA 20-year-old primigravida gives birth to an infant. The infant had immediate respiratory distress after birth. Newborn examination shows micromelic limb shortening, frontal bossing and a small chest cavity. A radiograph shows normal bone density without fractures. Which of the following gene mutations is most likely seen in this patient? Answers A-E A CA2 B CLCN7 C COL1A1 D FGFR3 E SQSTM1