acetyl COA, H₂O, NAD+ HSCOA, CO2, NADH/H+ H CO₂ CO₂ a-ketoisovalerate a-ketoisocaproate Leucine is biosynthesized from a-ketoisocaproate, which is itself formed from a-ketoisovalerate by a multistep route. Draw curved arrows to show the movement of electrons in this step of the reaction mechanism. Arrow-pushing Instructions A-H HO: CO₂ H B H CO₂ CO2 CO₂ H H₂O: A A BH+ 00
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- One of the steps in the pentose phosphate pathway for glucose catabolism is the reaction of sedoheptulose 7-phosphate with glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate in the presence of a transaldolase to yield erythrose 4-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate. (a) The first part of the reaction is the formation of a protonated Schiff base of sedoheptulose 7-phosphate with a lysine residue in the enzyme followed by a retro-aldol cleavage to give an enamine plus erythrose 4-phosphate. Show the structure of the enamine and the mechanism by which it is formed. (b) The second part of the reaction is a nucleophilic addition of the enamine to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate followed by hydrolysis of the Schiff base to give fructose 6-phosphate. Show the mechanism.H-C-U-o 27. The following is step 3 of the citric acid cycle. What is the functional transformation that occurs in the first part of this step? group COO COO NAD* NADH + H* CH2 CH2 0 H-C-C CH2 H-C-H H-C-COO- Но-с-н COO COO Isocitrate a-ketoglutarate A) A ketone and an alcohol change positions. C) The -COO is transformed. B) An alcohol becomes a ketone. D) The alcohol becomes an aldehyde. 28. The following is step 3 of the citric acid cycle. What is the identity of the Molecule represented by I? COO COO NAD* NADH + H* I COO CH2 CH2 0 H-C-C CH2 H-C-H H-C-COO- HO-C-H COO COO Isocitrate a-ketoglutarate A) Acetate B) GTP C) NADH D) FADH2 E) CO2Lysine catabolism begins with reductive amination of a-ketoglutarate to give saccharopine in a multistep process. Draw curved arrows to show the movement of electrons in this step of the reaction mechanism. Arrow-pushing Instructions 7 COO H NH3 COO OOC B: COO H NH3 COO BH+
- a Lactate dehydrogenase H H3C-C-coO- ОН ooc-C-CH3 L-(+)-Lactase Pyruvate This is a(an) b Creatine kinase CH3 O CH3 O H2N, АТР ADP NH2 NH2 Adenosine triphosphate Adenosine diphosphate Creatine Phosphocreatine This is a(an)Please draw the chemical structure for a phosphatidylethanolamine which contains trans, trans, cis-Δ10, Δ15 Δ18 Eicosatrienoate and cis-Δ13 hexadecenoate fatty acids.Imidazoleglycerol‑phosphate dehydratase is an enzyme in the histine biosynthesis pathway. It catalyzes the E1 dehydration of D‑erthyro‑imidazole‑glycerol phosphate to imidazole acetol‑phosphate. This is a rare example of a biological E1 reaction, as most biological elimination reactions occur through E1cB instead. In this reaction, D‑erthyro‑imidazole‑glycerol phosphate is first protonated to form a good leaving group. Then, the leaving group is ejected to form the resonance‑stabilized carbocation shown. Draw curved arrows forming the most stable resonance structure to explain why this reaction goes through an E1 mechanism. Draw curved arrows to form the most stable resonance structure.
- Step 7 of the citric acid cycle is shown. Which statement best describes what occurs in this step? CO₂ 1 CH || CH + H₂O CO₂ fumarate CO₂™ fumarase HO C-H CH₂ CO₂ malate A) Fumarate undergoes hydrogenation with hydrogens and electrons provided by the enzyme fumarase. B) Fumarate undergoes hydration with the aid of the enzyme fumarase. C) Fumarate undergoes hydrolysis with the aid of the enzyme fumarase. D) Fumarate undergoes reduction with the aid of the cofactor fumarase.Glyceryl tricaprate (or tricaprin) is a triacylglycerol used in foods, drugs, and cosmetics as an additive. What will be the products of the complete acid/enzymatic hydrolysis of glyceryl tricaprate, as shown below? 0 CH₂-0 HT, heat or lipase + 3H₂O CH-0 CH₂2-0 Glyceryl tricaprate O one glycerol molecule and one capric acid molecule O one glycerol molecule and three capric acid molecules O two glycerol molecules and four capric acid molecules O two glycerol molecules and two capric acid molecules 0 0The same E1–E2–E3 multienzyme structure found in the pyruvate dehydrogenase and the a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes is also used in the branched-chain a-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex, which participates in the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids. Draw the reaction product when the following substrate is acted on by the branched-chain a-keto acid dehydrogenase complex.
- Acetolactate synthase transfers the acyl group of pyruvate to alpha-ketobutyrate. This is the first step in the biosynthesis of the amino acid isoleucine. Propose a mechanism for this reaction.Please draw by hand. Triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) catalyzes the conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. The enzyme's catalytic groups are Glu 165 and His 95. In the first step of the reaction, these catalytic groups function as a base and an acid catalyst, respectively. Propose a mechanism for the reaction. ОН 2-03Р0 ОН dihydroxyacetone phosphate triosephosphate isomerase 2-03РО. H glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate FYI Glu is glutamic acid and his is histadinet of pt pt pt fpt H- H- H- -OH -OH -OH CH₂OPO,² Ribose 5-phosphate Arrow-pushing Instructions XW H-N-Enzyme H-C CHO "tom H- -OH Conversion of ribose 5-phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (see above) is a step in the pentose phosphate degradation pathway. Write a detailed mechanism for the reaction above, then draw curved arrows to depict electron reorganization for step 5, the first step in hydrolysis of the iminium group below. Draw arrows to give enolates in the oxide resonance form. H-C-0-H H CH₂OPO,² Glyceraldehyde 3-phosophate + :0-H H CHO CH₂OPO, Previous