A rare from of immunologic syndrome is assciated with recurrent skin lesions, eosinophilia, and increased serum concentrations of IgE. In patients with this syndrome , which of the following cytokines is most likely to be increased? (A) Interleukin-1 Beta( Il-1B) (B) Interleukin-2 ( IL-2) (C) Interleukin-4 (IL-4) (D) Interleukin-6 (IL-60 (E) Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha
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(74) A rare from of immunologic syndrome is assciated with recurrent skin lesions, eosinophilia, and increased serum concentrations of IgE. In patients with this syndrome , which of the following cytokines is most likely to be increased?
(A) Interleukin-1 Beta( Il-1B)
(B) Interleukin-2 ( IL-2)
(C) Interleukin-4 (IL-4)
(D) Interleukin-6 (IL-60
(E) Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha
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- 42. Answer (a) for TRUE or (b) for C3a and C5b are anaphylatoxins. 43. Answer (a) for TRUE or (b) for FALSE to the following statement: on C3 and C5 convertases are generated from all complement pathways. 44. Answer (a) for TRUE or (b) for FALSE to the following statement: While the Clq protein starts the classical pathway, the complement MBL protein starts the pathway. 45. Answer (a) for TRUE or (b) for FALSE to the following statement MHC-II can present to CD8+ T cells and can be loaded with 13 amino acids 46. Regarding the figure below, choose (a) for tissue rejection or (b) for NO tissue rejection: Recipient haplotype Donor haplotype Host B Host AxB C 244T cells can differentiate into 5 different subsets of helper T cells. Answer the following questions for TH1 cells: A) In general, list three unique factors that differentiate the TH1 subset from the other subsets. B) For each of those factors identified in A, provide one specific example that applies to TH1 cells. C) What type of pathogens are targeted by the TH1 cells?Which of the followings is molecular pathology associated with ADA mutations that cause immunodeficiency? a) accumulation of deoxyadenosine and its precursors S-adenosylhomocysteine and deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) with toxic effects on immature lymphocytes, b)accumulation of deoxyguanosine and deoxyguanosine triphosphate, with toxic effects on immature lymphocytes
- The current view in the field of immunology is that dendritic cells are the primary antigen-presenting cells for stimulating naive T cells. One piece of evidence supporting this conclusion is the observation that IRF8-deficient individuals, which retain their tissue-resident macrophages, are susceptible to a range of severe opportunistic infections caused by intracellular bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Explain the reasoning behind this argument.A 39-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. Treatment with multiple medications, including prednisone and methotrexate, has not been effective at slowing the progress of her condition. The most appropriate next step in pharmacotherapy is a drug that blocks the effects of which of the following cytokines? Entaracept : Fusion protein- decoy receptor A) Interferon gamma B) Interleukin-2 (IL-2) C) IL-4 D) IL-10 E) Tumor necrosis factor-a foundThe classical sign calor, associated with inflammation, is the result of what physiological event from the release of cytokines? 1) Dilation of blood vessels O 2) Cytokines affecting the hypothalamus O 3) Influx of fluid into the infected area 4) Cytokine recruitment of a large number of phagocytes to the area
- An adaptive immune response underlying coeliac disease pathogenesis involves: a) Production of Th1 (T helper cell 1 type) cytokines that act to promote the production of antibodies to gluten peptides b) Production of anti-gliadin and anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies via TH2 cytokines c) Conversion of glutamate to glutamine by deamination d) The early recognition of gluten peptides via pattern recognition receptors on epithelial cells and the subsequent release of Interleukin 15Human immune system a) Pathogen-associated molecular patterns are conserved molecular structures produced by microorganisms, but not by host cells. b) A virus-infected host cell that displays a viral antigen via MHC class I molecules may become a target of cytotoxic T cells. c) Secreted MHC Class I proteins present in blood plasma can function as opsonins. d) Both (a) and (b) are correct and (c) is incorrect e) Statements (a), (b) and (c) are all correctWhat is the difference between an allergy and an autoimmune response?
- The brain can sense cytokines released by peripheral immune cells through the following means EXCEPT a.) Cytokines being transported across the blood-brain barrier b.) Cytokines crossing intact blood-brain barrier by diffusion c.) Cytokines circumventing blood-brain barrier at circumventricular organs d.) Cytokines activating general visceral sensory nervesA 55-year-old male was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) after experiencing complications from an infection during his youth. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that manifests as chronic inflammation, primarily in the joints. The patient states that he manages his symptoms well and lives a lifestyle that attempts to keep the inflammation at a minimum. (CD4 T helper cells and other immune cells in a patient with RA promote cytokine release, especially release of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)). Inflammation is a natural immune response, providing immediate defense against foreign invasion. However, when not controlled, inflammation can cause damage to normal, healthy tissue. This patient is most likely to present with which of the following clinical signs and symptoms during a typical visit to his primary care provider? Choose the correct answer and provide a brief explanation. (2-3 sentences) a). Fever b). Redness, pain, heat, and swelling of…Fig. 1. AKAP11 and RIα are degraded by autophagy. (A) Brain lysates of Atg7F/F (Control) and Atg7F/F-SynCre (cKO) were subjected to immunoblottinganalysis with the indicated antibodies. (B) Quantification of protein levels in A. Unpaired Student’s t tests were used, and values are presented as mean ± SEM(n = 3 mice/genotype). **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ns, not significant. (C) Brain lysates of Atg14F/F (Control) and Atg14F/F-SynCre (cKO) were subjected toimmunoblotting analysis with the indicated antibodies. (D) Quantification of protein levels in C. Unpaired Student’s t tests were used, and values are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 4 mice/genotype). **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ns, not significant. (E) Atg7 WT and Atg7 KO MEF cells were nutrient starved by usingEBSS for the indicated times, and cells were assayed by immunoblotting analysis with the indicated antibodies. (F) Quantification of the protein levels from Ewas obtained by normalizing the level of proteins to Actin,…