A nonconducting spherical shell, with an inner radius of 4 cm and an outer radius of 6 cm, has charge spread nonuniformly through its volume between its inner and outer surfaces. The volume charge density p is the charge per unit volume, with the unit coulomb per cubic meter. For this shell p = b/r, where r is the distance in meters from the center of the shell and b = 3 µC/m?. What is the net charge in the shell?

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A: ELECTROSTATIC

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Ising model of Ferromagnets

The Ising model is one of the easiest and most famous theoretical models for ferromagnetism in statistical mechanics. When a group of atomic spins aligns such that their magnetic moments are pointed in the same direction and produce a strong permanent magnetic moment in macroscopic size, the phenomenon is called ferromagnetism. The relative permeability of these magnets is greater than unity and increasing magnetization with the applied external field. Even in the absence of an external magnetic field, these substances retain spontaneous magnetization. An example of ferromagnets is iron.