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Nucleotides
It is an organic molecule made up of three basic components- a nitrogenous base, phosphate,and pentose sugar. The nucleotides are important for metabolic reactions andthe formation of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are essential biomolecules present in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and viruses. They carry the genetic information for the synthesis of proteins and cellular replication. The nucleic acids are of two types: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). The structure of all proteins and ultimately every biomolecule and cellular component is a product of information encoded in the sequence of nucleic acids. Parts of a DNA molecule containing the information needed to synthesize a protein or an RNA are genes. Nucleic acids can store and transmit genetic information from one generation to the next, fundamental to any life form.
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- 8. In patients with diabetes mellitus type 1, the biochemical disorders result from changes in fuel metabolism. One of these signs is acidosis, Explain why such patients have a deviation of blood pH from the norm? For this 9. b) write the reactions of synthesis and oxidation of these molecules, name the enzymes, coenzymes, reaction localization: X4. Comment on the following: a. Whereas D-glucose is virtually unaffected by heating in dilute aqueous acid (apart from undergoing mutarotation), D-idose form the anhydrosugar X. Explain the different behaviour of the sugars. он OH HQ, OH но., OH HO.. H+ HO HO *CH¿OH но "CH,OH gluco se idose15. Write the metabolites of the following substrates due to phase Il reactions: a. b, R R C. R R NH ΝΗ LOH 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate Enzyme S-adenosylmethionine Enzyme Acetyl-SCOA
- I. Predict the outcome of the following reactions. If positive write what will you observe (color, name of the product). If negative, explain the reason why. NH Orcinol но NH2 A 1.) ÓH H. Но NH 2.) ОН ОН HO-P-O-P-0-P- OH (NH4)ẠM0O4 ÓH OH ÓH Conc. HNO3 3.) Он H Conc. HNO3 HN -NH N. КОН 4.) H3C NH HO Brz in H20 Ba(OH)2 HO- 5.) ÓHI. Predict the outcome of the following reactions. If positive write what will you observe (color, name of the product). If negative, explain the reason why. NH Orcinol но- NH2 A 1.) OH 'NH но NH A 2.) ОН ОН HO-P-O-P-O он (NH4)4MOO4 OH OH OH Conc. HNO; 3.) OH6. When a concentrated alkali solution acts on the purine cycle, it breaks down: A. Ester group B. Imidazole nucleus C. Dioxopyrimidine nucleus D. Lactone cycle 7. According to the Pharmacopoeia, sodium thiopental is quantitatively determined by the following methods: A. Acidimetry B. Alkaimetry C. Gravimetry D. HPLC E. UV spectroscopy 8. When determining the content of free alkali in sodium salts of barbiturates, an indicator is used: A. Methyl orange B. Methyl red C. Timolphthalein D. Phenolphthalein 9. NH-acidic properties are shown by: A. Sulfacyl sodium B. Sodium barbital C. Theobromine D. Hexamidine (primidone) 10. Derivatives of pyrimidine-2,4-dione are derivatives: A. Uracil B. Uretane C. Barbituric acid D. Malonic acid 11. The cerimetric method can be used for quantitative analysis: A. Nicotinic acid B. Atropine sulfate C. Gomatropin hydrobromide D. Nicotinic acid diethylamide E. Nifedipin
- 8. Anaplerotic and amphibolic reactions in TCA.1, OXIDATION: I. Saturated fats are more susceptible II. Degree of oxidation can be measured by acid value determination III. Can be avoided by adding a natural anti-oxidant, BHA CHOICES: I onlyII onlyIII onlyI and IIII and IIII and IIII, II, IIINone of the above 2. TRIGLYCERIDE: I. Formed through dehydration resulting in loss of water II. Formed through hydrolysis resulting in loss of water III. Formed from reaction of hydroxyl group of glycerol and carboxyl group of fatty acids CHOICES: I onlyII onlyIII onlyI and IIII and IIII and IIII, II, IIINone of the above5. Answer the following questions. a. Write the name and structure of the product obtained by the reaction of B-D-glucopyranose with acetic anhydride in the presence of pyridine at 0 °C? (water or ether) b. Which solvent, water or ether, would you prefer to purify the starting material? c. Which solvent is preferred for the purification and recrystallization of the final product from the reaction.
- WaRetajarmecology Mcosolt Stream Which the following statements is/ are true regarding the illustrated drug? H,N -COOH 1. The nitrogen plays a role in the mechanism of action unlike chlorine atom. IL. The aromatic ring increases its chemical stability IL It is a prodrug IV.t binds to its target irreversibly V. A phenylalanine moiety can increase the entry into cancer cells3. b. If chymotrypsin is treated with disopropylfluorophosphate, catalysis cannot occur even in the presence of excess substrate concentration. Is this Inhibltion reversible or Irreversible?. Dilsopropylfluorophosphate HydRefer to the given lipid structure: CH,(CH,),,CH=CH-CH-OH CH,OH QH CH-NH-C-(CH,),,CH, CH2 OH 1. Explain what kind of product is formed if NAOH is added to a triglyceride? Discuss the principle of how the product can help in the fight against coronavirus. 2. Discuss why a saturated fatty acid like coconut oil has a good antioxidant property. 3. What are essential fatty acids? Cite some clinical signs of essential fatty acid deficiency. 4. why are essential fatty acids associated with a low incidence of heart disease? 5. what are the physiological effects of prostaglandins? Explain how aspirin can block the synthesis of prostaglandins? 6. In terms of structure, how is cholesterol different from bile salts? Cite causes of bile duct obstruction and symptoms. 7. Explain the cell membrane's lipid bilayer. What are the lipids found in the cell membrane? 8. Differentiate between passive and active transport movement of molecules across the cell membrane