49. (I)The incidence of the target disease will likely increase when a new screening test becomes widely used. (II) Unlike cohort studies, experimental studies of screening effectiveness avoid volume. A. BOTH statements are CORRECT. B. BOTH statements are INCORRECT. C. FIRST statement in INCORRECT; SECOND is CORRECT. D. FIRST statement is CORRECT; SECOND is INCORRECT.

49. (I)The incidence of the target disease will likely increase when a new screening test becomes widely used. (II) Unlike cohort studies, experimental studies of screening effectiveness avoid volume. A. BOTH statements are CORRECT. B. BOTH statements are INCORRECT. C. FIRST statement in INCORRECT; SECOND is CORRECT. D. FIRST statement is CORRECT; SECOND is INCORRECT.

Principles Of Radiographic Imaging: An Art And A Science

6th Edition

ISBN:9781337711067

Author:Richard R. Carlton, Arlene M. Adler, Vesna Balac

Publisher:Richard R. Carlton, Arlene M. Adler, Vesna Balac

Chapter25: The Imaging Process

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 2RQ

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28. Which of the following choices refers to the data between the probability of a positive test result giventhe presence of the disease and the probability of a positive test result given the absence of the disease?A. Negative likelihood ratioB. Negative predictive value C. Positive likelihood ratioD. Positive predictive value 29. Which of the following choices refers to the amount of time that a diagnosis is advanced by screening?A. Lead time biasB. Length bias sampling C. Survival rateD. Survival time 30. A point on a continuum that extends from clearly normal results (for healthy people) to abnormal results (forpeople who have preclinical disease) is called _____.A. Bias indexB. Criterion of positivity C. Predictive valueD. Source of test errors 31. The reliability of a test is the ability to give the same result on repeated testing. Reliability is influenced bywhich of the following?A. All of the optionsB. Interobserver and intraobserver agreement among the analysts conducting the…
47. (I) The purpose of screening is to identify symptomatic cases of disease. (II) Screening is conducted toreduce morbidity and improve survival.A. BOTH statements are CORRECT.B. BOTH statements are INCORRECT.C. FIRST statement in INCORRECT; SECOND is CORRECT.D. FIRST statement is CORRECT; SECOND is INCORRECT.48. (I)The predictive value positive is more influenced by the specificity than the sensitivity of the screening test.(II) The specificity of a screening test determines the number of false-positive results.A. BOTH statements are CORRECT.B. BOTH statements are INCORRECT.C. FIRST statement in INCORRECT; SECOND is CORRECT.D. FIRST statement is CORRECT; SECOND is INCORRECT.
1. Which of the following is true about the characteristics of a screening test? (a) A highly sensitive screening test yields a very low number of false positive results (b) If a screening test is 99% specific, 99% of negative cases are diagnosed negative (c) A screening test is used to confirm disease and prescribe treatments (d) None of the above 2. Sensitivity of a screening test is (a) The probability of disease knowing that the test is positive (b) The probability of disease knowing that the test is negative (c) The probability of a positive test knowing that the patient has a disease (d) The probability of negative test knowing that the patient has no disease 3. A positive predictive value of a test was 0.2. which of the following is true: A. The probability of a positive test result knowing that the patient has disease positive is 20% B. The probability of disease knowing that the test is positive is 20% C. The prevalence of the disease in the population is 20% D. A and B E. All…
50. Which of the following are characteristics of diseases appropriate for screening? I. Disease is serious, with severe consequences.II. Treatment is more effective at an earlier stage.III. Disease has a detectable preclinical phase (DPCP).IV. DPCP is fairly short and prevalent in the target population. A. I, II, III B. I, II, III, IV C. I, II, IV D. II, III, IV
34) During a cohort study of 5000 children, the occurrence of Disease X is measured over a 5-year period. On average 20 children have signs and symptoms of Disease X each day. Over the 5-year period, the diagnosis of Disease X is rendered 30,000 times. Which of the following relationships of incidence and prevalence best describes the characteristics of Disease X? a. High incidence and high prevalence, indicative of a short-duration curable disease b. High incidence but low prevalence, indicative of a chronic incurable disease c. High incidence but low prevalence, indicative of a short-duration curable disease d. Low incidence and low prevalence, not predictive of specific disease behavior e. Low incidence but high prevalence, indicative of a chronic incurable disease
1. Which of the following is synonymous with incidence which assess the rate of occurrence of the condition ofthe disease?A. Absolute risk B. Odds ratio C. Relative risk D. Risk ratio2. Which among the following estimates the strength of association between exposure and disease?A. Absolute risk B. Odds ratio C. Relative risk D. Risk ratio3. Which of the following is related to measurement of reliability?A. Accuracy of scoresB. Comprehensiveness of the scoresC. Consistency of scoresD. Dependency of the scores
1. Which of the following is true about the characteristics of a screening test? (a) A highly sensitive screening test yields a very low number of false positive results (b) If a screening test is 99% specific, 99% of negative cases are diagnosed negative (c) A screening test is used to confirm disease and prescribe treatments (d) None of the above
27. The probability that a screening test classifies as positive those individuals who have a preclinical diseaseis known as _____.A. Specificity B. Sensitivity C. Validity D. Reliability 28. Which of the following choices refers to the data between the probability of a positive test result giventhe presence of the disease and the probability of a positive test result given the absence of the disease?A. Negative likelihood ratioB. Negative predictive valueC. Positive likelihood ratioD. Positive predictive value
1. Which of the following study designs can account for confounding by variables that have not been measured? A. Prospective CohortB. Randomized Controlled Trial C. Cross-SectionalD. Case-Control 2. Suppose these same investigators now want to conduct a study to examine whether loss of 20 or more teeth is a risk factor for stroke. Should they consider hypertension to be a confounding variable?[see attachment] A. Yes B. No E. None of the above 3. Participants were recruited who resided close to a large urban hospital. For this study, the most relevant consequence of this methodological choice:[see attachment] A. Reduced losses to follow-up B. Reduced generalizabilityC. Reduced powerD. Reduced Hawthorne effect 4. Which of the following tests is the best choicce to test the null hypothesis that the unasjusted prevalence of hypertension is the same among partiicpants with fewer than 20 teeth and 20 or more teeth? A. Unpaired t-test, B. Paired t-test, C. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), D.…
Briefly discuss the following topics and include appropriate examples for each:1.1. Information bias1.2. Use of genetic markers to determine risk of disease 1.3. Non-compliant study subjects 1.4. Calculating proportionate mortality 1.5. Phase III clinical trials
Select the incorrect statement on screening tests a. Screening tests are recommended for sufficiently prevalent conditions b. Screening tests are generally recommended for conditions that are important c. Screening tests need to be reliable and valid d. Screening tests are usually recommended for conditions which do not have a treatment
L01.4 How will diagnostic coding change in the near future? a. The number of medical terms will be much greater. b. There will be a heavier reliance upon anatomy and physiology. C. There will be increased specificity. d. All of these statements are true.