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- 1.A poison causes a drastic rise inE value with stimulation of the membrane.Thereafter membrane is slow to return towards resting membrane potential and levels off several millivolts above the threshold potential. This poison has likely affect which feature of the membrane? a) voltage gated na+ channels. b) voltage gated K+ channels. c) Na+/K+ Atp pump 2. All cell membrane demonstrate action potential if stimulated enough? True/False. 3. how many peaks are there in a compound action potential? a)2. b)4 c)6 d)8 4. Increasing the ionic concentration in the salt bridge results in E value increase to a point after which it plateeus. This is evidence brownian movement at work in the ionic solution that is keeping from energy flowing through the bridge with the fidelity that is seen in the metal bridge? True/ False 5. All cell membrane demonstrate action potential if stimulated enough? True or False.Clostridium tetani toxin blocks the exocytosis of GABA. A. What anatomical part of a pre-synaptic neuron would be affected by this? B. How would a post-synaptic neuron’s likelihood of experiencing an action potential be affected by this toxin? C. Explain, using at least TWO of the following terms: threshold, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, summation, IPSP, EPSP, exocytosisA loss-of-function mutation in the ion channel responsible for thegeneration of end-plate potentials results in a diminished permeabilityof the ion channel. 1) How would you experimentally test the effect of the mutation on thefunctional properties of the cell (synapse)? You should discuss the typesof postsynaptic responses and physiological parameters you couldmeasure.
- 11. Sodium, chloride, and potassium ions are involved in setting up voltages across neuronal membranes. a. Describe the equilibrium potential and resting membrane potential in your own words. How would you find the equilibrium potential of sodium? What else would you have to consider to find the resting membrane potential? b. How does the membrane potential change in response to opening selectively permeable chloride channels (assuming Ec is more negative than Vrest)? C. How does the membrane potential change in response to opening selectively permeable sodium channels instead (assuming Ena is more positive than Vrest)? d. Describe a situation in which chloride ions can result in the same change in membrane potential as the sodium ions in the question above.Conotoxin is produced by marine cone snails. Among its effects is to block voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in n eurons. A. What anatomical part of a neuron would be affected by conotoxin? B. How would the neuron's action potential be affected by conotoxin? Explain, using at least TWO of the following terms: threshold, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, summation, IPSP, EPSP, exocytosis C. If conotoxin affected a somatic motor neuron, would this toxin cause muscle weakness or increased muscle tension? Explain why.4. Illustrate (draw) what an action potential might look like with the following voltage-gated channels present. Briefly explain why these changes may occur. a. Normal sodium voltage-gated channel and a potassium voltage-gated channel (delayed rectifier); classic action potential as seen with the squid giant axon Normal sodium voltage-gated channel and an A channel (KA voltage-gated channel) b. C. Mutant sodium voltage-gated channel ONLY, where the N-terminal inactivation particle is missing d. Mutant sodium voltage-gated channel, where the N-terminal inactivation particle is missing, plus a potassium voltage-gated channel (delayed rectifier)
- 3.) Signals are passed from axon to axon when neurotransmitter molecules are released from the presynaptic axon and diffuses across a small distance, called the synaptic cleft, to reach the post synaptic axon. If the neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic axon is dopamine and the diffusion distance across the synaptic cleft is 20 nm then how long will it take to pass the signal? The viscosity of the interstitial fluid in the synapse is 0.012 Pa*s. (You must look up dopamine properties to solve) Synapse Suiknce Facts aut Synaptic vesicle Voltage-gated Ca? /channel Presynaptic neuron Neurotransmitter molecules Synaptic cleft lon channel receptor Postsynaptic- neuron25. The influx of calcium into the axon terminal of a chemical synapse is responsible for A. initiation of an action potential B. termination of an action potential C. fusion of vesicles to the membrane and exocytosis of neurotransmitters D. diffusion of the neurotransmitter across the membrane and into the cleft E. fusion of vesicles to the membrane and exocytosis of calcium F. movement of calcium through gap junctions20. The figure below shows the pathway through which nitric oxide (NO) triggers smooth muscle relaxation in a blood- vessel wall. Which of the following situations would lead to relaxation of the smooth muscle cells in the absence of acetylcholine? arginine Answer: activated. nerve terminal -acetylcholine NO endothelial cell RAPID DIFFUSION OF NO ACROSS MEMBRANES NO bound to guanylyl cyclase GTP cyclic GMP RAPID RELAXATION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL smooth muscle cell A) A smooth muscle cell that has a defect in guanylyl cyclase such that it cannot bind NO B) A muscle cell that has a defect in guanylyl cyclase such that it constitutively converts GTP to cyclic GMP C) A muscle cell that has cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase constitutively active D) A drug that blocks an enzyme involved in the metabolic pathway from arginine to NO E) None of the above Explanation:
- 1. How would you describe activity of the RAS in preparationfor and during sleep? What happens physiologically when your alarm clockwakes you in the morning?3) Acetylcholine binds to a GPCR on heart muscle, making the heart beat more slowly. The activated receptor stimulates a G protein, which opens a K+ channel in the plasma membrane, as shown in Figure 1. Which of the following would enhance this effect of the acetylcholine? (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 1 addition of a high concentration of a non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP addition of a drug that prevents the a subunit from exchanging GDP for GTP mutations in the acetylcholine receptor that weaken the interaction between the receptor and acetylcholine mutations in the acetylcholine receptor that weaken the interaction between the receptor and the G proteinWhich of the following does not contribute to propagation of action potentials? a. As the area outside the membrane becomes negative, itattracts ions from adjacent regions; as the inside of the membrane becomes positive, it attracts negative ions from nearby in the cytoplasm. These events depolarize nearby regions of the axon membrane. b. The refractory period allows the impulse to travel in only one direction. c. Each segment of the axon prevents the adjacent segments from firing. d. The magnitude of the action potential stays the same as it travels down the axon. e. Up to a limit, increasing the intensity of the stimulus increases the number of action potentials.