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- 4. Consider the structure shown below. Give one cycle of the reactions of the - oxidation of fatty acids. Show all the structures of the compounds involved; indicate whether the reactions are reversible or not; show the use or generation of co-factors wherever it occurs.1. What are the effects of pH and temperature to catalase? What is the optimum pH and optimum temperature for catalase? 2. Explain why the rate of reaction initially increases with increase in temperature then gradually declines as the temperature is further increased. 3. Is the rate of enzymatic reaction always directly dependent on enzyme concentration? Explain. 4. Explain the effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity. 5. What is the effect of CuSO, on the enzymatic activity of catalase? 6. Is CuSO4 an activator or inhibitor? If it is an inhibitor, what kind of inhibitor is it?3. (Part A) The intermediates of a pathway are shown in the following scheme. Using curved arrows, show the mechanism of each step labeled with a blue letter. Draw out the structures of all coenzymes, so that you can effectively show all arrow pushing. You may abbreviate the coenzymes by putting R groups on the molecule, but do draw out the parts of the structure that are involved in the arrow pushing. Please note that some of the transformations will require you to show multiple structures to show all of the arrow pushing (particularly some of the coenzyme-mediated steps). You do not need to show specific amino acid residues that perform the catalysis. You can abbreviate acidic amino acid residues "Enz-B-H" and basic residues "B-Enz". HO O O HO NH₂ OH ATP ADP (A) H₂O3PO H₂O (D) O NH₂ O HO. O OH NADPH (B) NADP+ OH ILI I Igr OH HO OH O OH NH₂ O NH₂ H₂O OH (E) (C) OH OH
- 3. Below is an image of sucrose. HO OH OH HO- HO OH OH НО (a) Using sucrose as a substrate, draw a schematic reaction for a general glycosidase. Explain whether your mechanism corresponds to an inverting or a retaining type enzyme. C :) (b) The two products can occur in a range of forms in solution. How many forms might you expect in this case, and explain how these interconvert. C 28. The enzyme thiolase catalyzes one step in the ß-oxidation of saturated fats. One portion of the mechanism for this reaction is shown below. Describe the catalytic mechanism at work. (Note: "SCOA" is shorthand for the compound Acetyl-CoA) RCOCH₂COSCoA + HSCOA → H3C₂OSC0A + RCOSCOA HN NH CH₂ NH CH₂ CH₂ FS Grease NH3 H-SCO A NH CH2 CH₂ NH3 S Co A CH₂ NH 1 3 H-SCO A H3C SCO A NH3 a h-SCOA R-C S Co A CH₂ CH₂ C H₂ 0=0 HN NH + NH3 H₂C HN CH₂ NH CH₂ CH₂ 2 S Co A CH₂ NH NH10. Glycogen, as the main storage form of glucosc, is an important energy reservoir. Describe the role of glycogen in providing the body with energy. To answer: a) write a scheme for glycogen mobilization, and oxidation of the end product to CO, and H,O; b) mark the reactions associated with ATP synthesis and ATP consumption in the scheme, calculate the oxidation energy yield of I mole of the final product resulting from glycogen breakdown; 1L An unconscious man with sions of alcobol poisonino was taken to the hosnital
- 17. Omeprazole is a bioprecursor prodrug that is activated by protonation to give active metabolite that inhibits H¨,K*-ATPase covalently. By using chemical equations show activation of Omeprazole and its reaction to inhibit the H*,K*-ATPase. CH3 H3CO. s=0 H3C HNN Omeprazole OCH3 18. The following compound is an open-chain prodrug of benzodiazepines which undergo N- dealkylation to triazolam. Using chemical equations show transformation of this prodrug to triazolam. H3C H3C CH3 CH3 triazolam open-chain prodrug of triazolam3. Trypsin selectively cleaves polypeptide chains on the carbonyl side of the amino acids arginine or lysine. (b) Using the following substrate, show the enzymatic mechanism of trypsin and discuss the kinetic behavior of the reaction. Use full reactions mechanism in detalils CH3 N-C=CH2 H.5. Shown below are the first steps in the mechanism of a cysteine protease, which catalyses amide bond hydrolysis in a similar manner as serine proteases. (a) Complete this mechanisms, and (b) sketch the approximate reaction coordinate diagram for this catalyzed reaction relative to the uncatalyzed proteolysis. HN N HN cysteine protease
- 10. what is the key enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway also serving as the first enzyme of the oxidative phase of the said pathway yielding 6-phosphogluconate? please do not abbreviate1. Write the ten reactions of the glycolytic pathway, naming all enzymes and providing the structural formulas of their substrates and products.1. Provide the best coenzyme(s) for each step shown below. Give a 1–2 sentence rationale for your choice. 2. Reaction (C) can require multiple coenzymes, or the enzyme may only require one. Briefly describe how the reaction that uses only one coenzyme works. Be specific about the mechanism.