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- 26. Which of the following statements is correct? A. Insulin can activate pyruvate carboxylase B. More energy in the form of ATP is required to synthesize glucose from pyruvate than can be obtained from glucose by glycolysis alone C. Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is a modulator that can stimulate either glycolysis or gluconeogenesis, depending on cellular glucose concentration D. All of the above1.a. Given what you know about glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, does it make sense that insulin activates PDH phosphatase? Why? b.How do vitamins increase to the breadth of chemical reactions available within a biological system?7. Which of the following statements about gluconeogenesis is CORRECT? Select one: a. Glucose-6-phosphatase hydrolyzes glucose 6-phosphate to release glucose into the blood. b. Glucose-6-phosphatase hydrolyzes glucose 6-phosphate and is found in liver and muscle. c. Fructose-1,6-biphosphatase converts fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into fructose-1-phosphate. d. Pyruvate is first converted to phosphoenolpyruvate by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.
- 1. Insulin.....a. Carries glucose into the muscle cellb. signals the muscle cell to take up glucose c. signals the synthesis of glucose in the liver d. carries lactate from the muscle to the liver 2.In the fasting, state, the Liver helps maintain a normal level of blood glucose by: a. Making ketones and storing them for later.b. stopping glycolysis and using alternative fuels for energyc. speeding up glycolysis because it needs energy to make glucose d. Beginning glycogenesis to build up glucose storage7. Which of the following statements regarding the regulation of glycogen metabolism is false? A. Glycogen synthase activity is dictated by its phosphorylation status. B. Glycogen phosphorylase is inhibited by ATP. C. Adrenaline stimulates glycogen breakdown. D. Glycogen phosphorylase is activated by AMP and glucose-6-phosphate. E. Glucagon signals that concentrations of blood glucose are low and leads to breakdown of glycogen.Based on your understanding of the binding of insulin, select all of the following events that you would expect to occur in muscle cells due to insulin binding to receptors.Group of answer choices a. Glycogen synthesis is activated b. PFK is stabilized in the R-state and glycolysis is activated c. GLUT4 (transporters) are increased in concentration at the plasma membrane d. Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate increased levels aid in stabilization of the T-state fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase e. Gluconeogenesis is activated in response to elevated fructose 2,6-bisphosphate levels f. Phosphorylation cascades allow for covalent modifications that would aid in the breakdown of glycogen to allow for increased levels of glucose 6-phosphate in the cell g. Hexokinase is inhibited so glucose will not be brought into the cell in high amounts h. Glycogen breakdown pathway is inactivated
- Which one of the following statements concerning gluconeogenesis is correct? a. It is inhibited by elevated levels of acetyl CoA. b. It occurs in muscle. c. It is important in maintaining blood glucose during normal overnight fast. d. It is stimulated by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate.4. In primary carnitine deficiency: a. Which of the following (from the list below) will accumulate in the tissues of the affected person? b. Which will be below normal in the blood? Choose all that apply and explain your choice for each. A. Capric acid B. Cholesterol C. Ganglioside GM2 D. Glucocerebrosides E. Glucose F. Ketone bodies G. Sphingomyelin H. Stearic acidA 30 year old man who has type I diabetes mellitus with a blood glucose of 340 mg. One hour after eating he administered a dose of short acting insulin. After treatment what is most likely increased in the liver? a. cAMP b. G6P activity c. PFK 1 d. phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase e. PKA
- 7. During several days, Patient A got a meal with high caloric value, and Patient B- with a low caloric value. What are the differences in the lipid metabolism in these two patients? What is the insulin/glucagon ratio in these patients after a meal? Which metabolic pathways rather activated in Patient A and how is it being controlled? 8. The adipose tissuc is not only store triacylglycerols but also is active endocrine organ. Explain this function of the adipose tissuc. For that: a) explain the sclinical obesity and possible conscouences of the discase:Which of the following statements regarding glycogen are true? A. Glucose from glycogen can be metabolized anaerobically B. Approximately 1-2% of muscle weight is glycogen, whereas 10-15% of liver weight is glycogen C. It is faster for the muscle to obtain energy from glycogen than from lipids D. A and B are true E. B and C are true F. Both A, B, and C are trueA deficiency in sorbitol dehydrogenase cause all of the following except: Select one: O a. pathologic alternations related to Diabetes mellitus b. no lactose synthesis O c. lack of sperm motility O d. no fructose synthesis