2. Sam is an immunologist who has designed a DNA vaccine for COVID-19. The vaccine has just entered a phase 3 clinical trial. To test its effectiveness, he is thinking of using ELISA to detect the presence of anti-COVID-19 antibodies in volunteers who have received the vaccine. (a) Suggest an advantage and a disadvantage of DNA vaccines. (b) Briefly explain how the DNA vaccine can stimulate the production of anti-COVID-19 antibodies in vaccinated individuals. (c) Design an indirect ELISA for Sam to screen for anti-COVID-19 antibodies in the volunteers. Describe in detail how the immunoassay should be performed.

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Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.