1.1 a) Butyric acid is to be extracted from 500 ml of an aqueous solution containing 4 g of butyric acid using ether as an extractant. The distribution coefficient of this system is 3 at 25 °C. In a minimum of ten points show that the butyric acid extracted in a single batch with 500 ml ether is less than that extracted in two batches of 250 ml portions. b) Briefly describe different strategies that can be used to obtain a chemical separation in a minimum of eight points. c) Briefly discuss ten reasons why chemical separations methods are used in analytical chemistry.

1.1 a) Butyric acid is to be extracted from 500 ml of an aqueous solution containing 4 g of butyric acid using ether as an extractant. The distribution coefficient of this system is 3 at 25 °C. show that the butyric acid extracted in a single batch with 500 ml ether is less than that extracted in two batches of 250 ml portions. b) Briefly describe different strategies that can be used to obtain a chemical separation. c) Briefly discuss why chemical separations methods are used in analytical chemistry.

Q) Calculate the “Chlorine Demand of Water”, if “addition of (i.e. Chlorine added)” 200 kg/d of chlorine in a flow of 0.088 m3/sec gives a ‘residual of 0.20 mg/l as Chlorine (Cl2).

Calculate the mass percent of the ascorbic acid in the same show full solution Situation: The pounded Vitamin C tablet was half into two below are the calculated data in the experiment. Each of the half are transfered in a 250ml erlen meyer flask and added 75ml of deionized water for the vitamin C to dissolve. Then it was prepared for titration where the burette was filled with 0.09794M standardize NaOH solution then a total of with 3 drops 2% phenolphthalein indicator was added to each erlen meyer flask l, swrill it and begin the titration. below are the following data gathered: Vitamins used: Nature Made vitamin C 500mg tablet Trial 1 Mass: 0.3108g of Vitamin C tablet Initial volume: 1.6mL Final volume: 15.4mL   Trial 2 Mass: 0.3349g Initial volume: 15.4 mL Final volume: 30.2 mL

[2] A mixture containing 70 mol% n-heptane and 30 mol% n-octane is subjected to a batch distillation at 1 atm pressure. What will be the composition of the distillate after the first 25 mol% of the original charge is distilled. Estimate the initial and final boiling point and what is the composition of the first vapor condensed? T-x-y values of n-heptane 106 0.647 T. "C 98.4 100 103 110 115 120 122 124 125.6 1 0.922 0.776 0.495 0.318 0.156 0.097 0.039 1 0.963 0.883 0.801 0.681 0.500 0.281 0.184 0.078

Q1: What is the density (g/ml) of a 3.6M Sulfuric acid solution that is 29% H,So, by mass (Mwt. = 98)? Q2: Fill the blanks with suitable answers 1: The is the thing being dissolved. ......... 2: The branches of quantitative analysis are and 3. The filterability of the precipitate depend on the of practices. Q3: Which one is correct? 1. Molality changes with temperatures. 2. Molality does not change with temperatures. 3. Molarity changes with temperatures. 4. Normality changes with temperatures. Q4: What weight of pyrite ore (impure FeS,) must be taken for analysis so that the BaSO, precipitate weight obtained will be equal to one-half that of the percent S in the sample? Note: Mwt. of Ba =32, Mwt. of BaSo4 =233, Mwt. of FeS, =119

1. Lavender and jasmine are flowers which are used in the industry to produce essential oils/tincture. Describe a suitable method to extract the essential oil/tincture from these flowers. Explain in detail, the methods used (e.g., set up). You may include diagram/s in your explanation.

(1) Calculate the amount of lime and soda required for softening 9000 litres of water sample containing in ppm, Mg(HCo = 50; CaCl, = 111; MgSO, = 120; CaSO, = 138; NaCi = 480 and Fe-O, = 234, The lime of 80% and soda of 90% purity was utilized in the process. (i) You are given a task to treat the hard water to produce clear, transparent, and softened water (the residual hardness up to 20 ppm is allowed). As a responsible engineer of the plant, what is your strategy to generate the water of required softness? Explain

100kg of a solution of acetic acid and H₂O containing 30% acetic acid by weight is to be extracted three times with isopropyl ether using 40kg of isopropyl ether in each stage. Determine the weight of acetic acid extracted and the percentage recovery of acetic acid. The following data are available. Concentrations of acetic acid in the leaving streams are Isopropyl ether rich phase 11.7% Ist Stage IInd Stage IIIrd Stage 9.5% 7.8% [BALU, K.; RAMALINGAM, S.; DEEBIKA, B. AND SATHYAMOORTHI, K. (2014)] H₂O rich phase 25.8% 22.7% 20%

What is the percentage of organic compound that is dissolved in soil pore water that has a porosity of 0.41 and the Kd = 563 L kg-1 ? Report your answer in percentage and enter it is X.Xx10(-X) or X.Xx10(X)