1. What is the sequence of operations at the coordinator after it recovers? 2. What is the sequence of operations at a subordinate that received the message and replied to it before the coordinator crashed? 3. What is the sequence of operations at a subordinate that did not receive the message before the coordinator crashed.
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- One of the problems with the Internet email system is that sending forged emails is relatively straightforward, i.e., it is easy to send an email with a fake sender/from address. One solution to this problem would be for a domain’s mail servers to digitally sign any email originating from the domain. For this to be useful, the public key would need to be made available to clients to validate the signatures. It is proposed that the public keys of the mail servers will be verified and signed by a certification authority (same as SSL/TLS certificates) and distributed via a standardised URL for the domain, e.g., https://mybusiness.com/email.pubkey. (a) Explain how the client would obtain the public key and validate the email server’s digital signatures. (b) Discuss the problem of trusting the obtained public key and how this solution results in public keys that can/cannot be trusted. (c) Indicate whether you believe this approach could be used to prevent forged emails and explain why it…2. Recall the concept of Physically Unclonable Functions, which are an importantcomponent of hardware based security. Here is a simple scenario and simple protocol usingPUFs for authenticating a tag. In the protocol below, the Reader stores ALL possiblecombinations of Challenge-Response pairs for every tag it needs to authenticate. Duringauthentication, the Reader broadcasts the ID of the tag, and a greeting (Gn ). Every tag maysee this message, but only the one with the right ID will process the message. The right tagwith the ID in the message will then feed the greeting to its PUF and compute the responseSn. The response is then sent to the Reader. This should be clear from the Figure below. Forthe next round of authenticating the same Tag, the process repeats with a new Greeting(G n+1 ). Since the Reader has the responses, authentication is straightforward. Recall thatChallenges and Responses are typically 128 or 256 bit strings for RFIDs.From the protocol, and class, it should be…In the two-phase commit protocol, describe what happens if a subordi- (a) nate receives a PREPARE message, replies with a YES vote, crashes, and restarts.
- Establish a list of DNS records, classifying each one according to the kind of record it includes, and then arrange this list. Examples of each of them, along with an explanation of why it is advisable to make use of them, have been provided for your perusal. Do you feel it is feasible to have a web server and a mail server both use the same name at the same time?- Consider another carelessly written Web application, which uses a servlet that checks if there was an active session, but does not check if the user is authorized to access that page, instead depending on the fact that a link to the page is shown only to authorized users. What is the risk with this scheme? (There was a real instance where applicants to a college admissions site could, after logging into the Web site, exploit this loophole and view information they were not authorized to see; the unauthorized access was however detected, and those who accessed the information were punished by being denied admission.)Https is a protocol used to secure websites from being tampered with by other parties without proper authorization. it bridges the gap between sender and receiver.Using protocols like secure socket layer/TLS, HTTPS encrypts data sent over the internet, making it unreadable to anybody who shouldn't have it.This prevents a "man in the middle" assault on the system.Such assaults intercept messages before they reach their intended recipient.It then transmits the revised information to the user.It guarantees the server's authenticity, too.
- What type of authentication method is displayed in this picture? Multi-Factor Authentication Biometric Authentication Token-based authentication Single Sign-on 2.Wendy is examining the logs of a web server that was compromised by a remote attacker. She notices that right before the attack, the logs show a series of segmentation fault errors. Other logs indicate that the attacker sent very long input strings to the web server that had malicious commands at the end of the string. What type of attack most likely took place? SQL Injection Cross-site request forgery Cross-Site scripting Buffer Overflow 3.Jessica is combatting a security incident where a specific piece of malware is continually infecting systems on her network. She would like to use application control technology to block this file. What type of application control should she use? Greylisting Bluelisting Whitelisting BlacklistingPrior to the introduction of IEEE 802.11i, the security scheme for IEEE 802.11 was Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP). WEP assumed all devices in the network share a secret key. The purpose of the authentication scenario is for the STA to prove that it possesses the secret key. Authentication proceeds as shown in Figure 24.13 . The STA sends a message to the AP requesting authentication. The AP issues a challenge, which is a sequence of 128 random bytes, sent as plaintext. The STA encrypts the challenge with the shared key and returns it to the AP. The AP decrypts the incoming value and compares it to the challenge that it sent. If there is a match, the AP confirms that authentication has succeeded.Design a cryptographic solution for implementing the dinning cryptographers protocol. You should consider the following: The secret messages shared between any two agents in the protocol are communicated over public channels only. The announcements made by each agent must be traceable in a trustworthy way to that agent. Your solution should be a new protocol that addresses the above two requirements.
- Exercise 8. In the peap-based sniffer program shown in Listing 15.3 (Sec- tion 15.2.3), we replace Line 1 with the following line. After that, when we run the sniffing program, we can only capture the packets in or out of our own computer, but we are not able to capture the packets among other computers that are on the same network. What is the cause of this problem? handle - pcap_open_live("eth3", BUFSIZ, 0, 1000, errbuf);The system architecture as used in the above design is ? client/server, peer-to-peer, layered architecture. None of the above Describe the sequence of events captured in the diagram step-by-step. For each step, explicitly describe “Which object sends what message to which object” [the first step is provided as an example]. A user triggers the clickOnLink(v) operation on the webbrowser; [continue from here]In the BitTorrent P2P file distribution protocol, the seed breaks the file into blocks, and the peers redistribute the blocks to each other. Without any protection, an attacker can easily wreak havoc in a torrent by masquerading as a benevolent peer and sending bogus blocks to a small subset of peers in the torrent. These unsuspecting peers then redistribute the bogus blocks to other peers, which in turn redistribute the bogus blocks to even more peers. Thus, it is critical for BitTorrent to have a mechanism that allows a peer to verify the integrity of a block, so that it doesn’t redistribute bogus blocks. Assume that when a peer joins a torrent, it initially gets a .torrent file from a fully trusted source. Describe a simple scheme that allows peers to verify the integrity of blocks.