1. Consider a two player, simultaneous move game. The strategies available to each player and payoffs are shown in the following matrix form: Player 2 C L R 6,4 5,2 8,5 4,4 9,3 5,9 B 7,5 4,4 5,2 Game 5 T Player 1 M a) Find and write down the Nash equilibria in pure strategies, if any exist. b) Say that instead of being a simultaneous move game this game had been sequential. First player 1 will choose a strategy and then player 2 will observe the choice made by player 1 and choose a strategy. The full structure of the game, including all payoffs, is common knowledge to both players. Sketch a game tree to represent the extensive form of this game. Find and write down the subgame perfect Nash equilibria.

Managerial Economics: A Problem Solving Approach
5th Edition
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Author:Luke M. Froeb, Brian T. McCann, Michael R. Ward, Mike Shor
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Chapter15: Strategic Games
Section: Chapter Questions
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1. Consider a two player, simultaneous move game. The strategies available to each player and
payoffs are shown in the following matrix form:
Player 2
C
L
R
6,4
5,2 8,5
4,4 9,3 5,9
B 7,5 4,4 5,2
Game 5
T
Player 1 M
a) Find and write down the Nash equilibria in pure strategies, if any exist.
b) Say that instead of being a simultaneous move game this game had been sequential. First
player 1 will choose a strategy and then player 2 will observe the choice made by player
1 and choose a strategy. The full structure of the game, including all payoffs, is common
knowledge to both players. Sketch a game tree to represent the extensive form of this
game. Find and write down the subgame perfect Nash equilibria.
2. In this question we will combine a very simplified model of an externality that has long-lasting
impacts with the model of discounted utility that we learned in our game theory topic. Consider
a hypothetical environmental externality: produced as the byproduct of industrial activity, each
unit of emission of a pollutant that is emitted once, today, causes $10 of external harm to society
each and every year, starting immediately, forever. Let's say that policymakers apply a discount
factor of 8 € (0, 1) to future gains and losses, in an analog of the discounted utility model except
for cash payoffs rather than utilities.
What would the socially efficient Pigouvian tax on the emission of this pollutant be if we applied
a discount factor of (i) 8 = 0.5, (ii) 8 = 0.9, and (iii) 8 = 0.99? Give an intuitive explanation
of how to interpret the parameter d in this context, and explain precisely but in simple terms
what the goal and effect of the Pigouvian tax would be.
3. Consider a model of Cournot duopoly. Two firms produce an identical product. The inverse
demand function for the product is given by p = 60-y, where y = y₁ + y2 is the sum of the
quantity produced by the two firms. Production costs are zero for both firms.
a) Find the quantity produced by each firm in the Nash equilibrium of this game. Find the
price of the product and the profit of each firm.
b) Now say that marketing guru Jim has a proposal for firm 1. He would be able to convince
people that the two firms' products were in fact slightly different from each other, so that
the amount produced by each firm would not impact the price of the other's product
as much as it did before. The inverse demand function for each product would become
P₁ = 60-y₁ - y2 and p2 = 60 - 92 -
2₁. What is the most that firm 1 would be willing
to pay Jim to do this? Show your work and explain in a few sentences what you did to
find
your answer.
Transcribed Image Text:1. Consider a two player, simultaneous move game. The strategies available to each player and payoffs are shown in the following matrix form: Player 2 C L R 6,4 5,2 8,5 4,4 9,3 5,9 B 7,5 4,4 5,2 Game 5 T Player 1 M a) Find and write down the Nash equilibria in pure strategies, if any exist. b) Say that instead of being a simultaneous move game this game had been sequential. First player 1 will choose a strategy and then player 2 will observe the choice made by player 1 and choose a strategy. The full structure of the game, including all payoffs, is common knowledge to both players. Sketch a game tree to represent the extensive form of this game. Find and write down the subgame perfect Nash equilibria. 2. In this question we will combine a very simplified model of an externality that has long-lasting impacts with the model of discounted utility that we learned in our game theory topic. Consider a hypothetical environmental externality: produced as the byproduct of industrial activity, each unit of emission of a pollutant that is emitted once, today, causes $10 of external harm to society each and every year, starting immediately, forever. Let's say that policymakers apply a discount factor of 8 € (0, 1) to future gains and losses, in an analog of the discounted utility model except for cash payoffs rather than utilities. What would the socially efficient Pigouvian tax on the emission of this pollutant be if we applied a discount factor of (i) 8 = 0.5, (ii) 8 = 0.9, and (iii) 8 = 0.99? Give an intuitive explanation of how to interpret the parameter d in this context, and explain precisely but in simple terms what the goal and effect of the Pigouvian tax would be. 3. Consider a model of Cournot duopoly. Two firms produce an identical product. The inverse demand function for the product is given by p = 60-y, where y = y₁ + y2 is the sum of the quantity produced by the two firms. Production costs are zero for both firms. a) Find the quantity produced by each firm in the Nash equilibrium of this game. Find the price of the product and the profit of each firm. b) Now say that marketing guru Jim has a proposal for firm 1. He would be able to convince people that the two firms' products were in fact slightly different from each other, so that the amount produced by each firm would not impact the price of the other's product as much as it did before. The inverse demand function for each product would become P₁ = 60-y₁ - y2 and p2 = 60 - 92 - 2₁. What is the most that firm 1 would be willing to pay Jim to do this? Show your work and explain in a few sentences what you did to find your answer.
4. A profit-maximizing monopolist produces a good and sells it to three consumers, A, B and C.
It has zero costs. The consumers have inverse demand curves given by
PA = 10 - 9A,
PB = 12 - 29B,
1
Pc = 4-
29c.
(2)
(3)
a) If consumer B had been the only consumer and the monopolist had to set a single, uniform
price for its product, what price would it choose and how many units would it sell? What
would be the socially efficient price and quantity?
The monopolist has decided to price its good using a two part tariff. It knows that it has three
consumers, and it knows exactly what the demand curve is for each one.
b) Say that the monopolist could tell the consumers apart and set a personalized two part
tariff for each of them. What two part tariff would it set for each consumer?
c) Say that the monopolist cannot tell the three consumers apart and has to set just a single
two part tariff that all three consumers can then decide whether or not to pay. What two
part tariff would it set? Explain your answer.
Transcribed Image Text:4. A profit-maximizing monopolist produces a good and sells it to three consumers, A, B and C. It has zero costs. The consumers have inverse demand curves given by PA = 10 - 9A, PB = 12 - 29B, 1 Pc = 4- 29c. (2) (3) a) If consumer B had been the only consumer and the monopolist had to set a single, uniform price for its product, what price would it choose and how many units would it sell? What would be the socially efficient price and quantity? The monopolist has decided to price its good using a two part tariff. It knows that it has three consumers, and it knows exactly what the demand curve is for each one. b) Say that the monopolist could tell the consumers apart and set a personalized two part tariff for each of them. What two part tariff would it set for each consumer? c) Say that the monopolist cannot tell the three consumers apart and has to set just a single two part tariff that all three consumers can then decide whether or not to pay. What two part tariff would it set? Explain your answer.
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