Our understanding of language, as languages educators becomes part of our professional stance and, as such, influences our curriculum, planning and classroom pedagogies. Teachers who view language simply as code make acquiring grammar and vocabulary the primary, if not the only, goal of language learning. Within such a limited approach, students do not begin to engage with language as a communicative reality but simply as an intellectual exercise or as a work requiring memorising.“It is primarily a conventional symbol system concerned with communication or coorperation between people” (Lyons, 1981) “Individual and social (Gee & Hayes, 2011) – people talk like others and yet all have their own style (Bakhtin, 1981, 1986). Every language shares the same basic design properties – nouns, verbs, sentences, and clauses (Chomsky, 1965).
Language is not just a set of rules that tells us how to talk with the correct grammar. “A cognitive phenomenon – a set of ‘rules’ in our minds or brains that tells us how to speak grammatically” (Clark, 1996) and “Cannot be thought of as only a system of formal elements; have to take into account its functions (Brumfit, 1994)
‘Variety is the spice of life’. Diversity makes life interesting and gives it all its flavour. This phrase comes from William Cowper's poem, “The Task” (1785). I believe in this saying as it is totally true and as a current Early Childhood Educator, I am embedding awareness and appreciation for different culture in my daily
The United States population is filled with diverse individuals. It is important for educators to understand that diversity in classrooms is not just based on race but ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender, economic status, learning disabilities, and etc. It may not affect your student directly but it can be a part of their family background. Educators may assume that students have the same social or educational status of each other which in some cases is not true. If they assume that every student is on the same academic level, the students may suffer educationally or emotionally. Teachers need to understand that all students grow and progress at different times and it is up to an educator to help start their growth in the right direction and to make each child feel accepted. Yale University () discussed how it can affect teachers if they do not understand how to assess diversity, “teachers may themselves feel out of place based on their own ascriptive traits (i.e. differences based on class, privilege, etc.).” Diversity in classrooms is becoming more frequent and educators need to understand how to properly assess their student’s based on their educational needs and how to teach other students how each of them are different individually. There is no right choice to teach diversity but it is something that needs to implemented in classrooms.
Students have their own best way in effectively learning the lesson. With the diversity of students, the problem is each student has a preferred learning style. It becomes undeniably one of the reasons that make it difficult to achieve the best expected outcome out of teachers’ effort. However, teachers try to incorporate various teaching techniques to make every learning opportunity become productive, meaningful, and relevant for the learners.
Working hard amounts to nothing when students cannot understand the subject due to language barriers. Therefore, teachers need to be flexible in their teaching methods to help students understand Standard English. Educators can be flexible by accepting the use of social language by the students in order to help them transition to Standard English. As Hill indicates it is vital “to recognize that everyone speaks a deviation from Standard English” and thus teachers need to “acknowledge [students] voices in their writings” (121). By accepting the student’s use of social language students will better understand context and be encouraged to express their ideas and feelings without limitations. Students will also be able to learn the basic skills of code-switching because they are using their social language to start with. White and Ali-Khan indicate that accepting the students social language “[encourages] students to see the adoption of academic discourses as a component of code-switching rather than as a rejection of other forms of communication” (35). Students will hesitate to learn if they perceive
The article titled “Cultural and Linguistic Diversity and the Special Education Workforce: A Critical Overview” by Naomi C. Tyler, Zina Yzquierdo, Norma Lopez-Reyna, and Susan Sanders Flippin for The Journal of Special Education, addresses the great need for more diversity among teachers in the field of special education. The article begins with historical background. According to the article, “only 14% of special education classroom teachers are from historically underrepresented groups compared to approximately 38% of the students in their classrooms” (Tyler, Yzquierdo, Lopez-Reyna, & Sanders Flippin, 2004). Obviously, this is a problem because of the troubling fact that “students from [Culturally and Linguistically Diverse] CLD backgrounds
Areas to develop further include teaching to diverse learners, classroom management, and developing my own classroom style. I do understand the importance of teaching to diverse learners and feel that I attempt to adjust my instruction to meet the needs of all students; I just neet to work toward better understanding the needs of each individual student and how I need to apply that to my instruction in order to achieve the best results. What I mean by classroom management being an area to develop further is that one thing I need to work toward improving is understanding how to be "friendly not friends." While I think I have improved in this during my time in Holdingford, I am still finding moments in which I reflect later on and realize that
After reflecting on my first couple of weeks of my Language and Literacy course, I have realised that I have learned a lot about language and literacy that I did not know before. For instance, I also learned that spoken language has been around for a lot longer than any written language has been. I have also learned that every language contains their own lot of vowels, consonants, punctuation, etc. I also learned that language can be viewed in various ways. For instance, I learned that language is viewed as a cognitive phenomenon where is it is something that is in out head, for example, it can be a set of rules that is in our minds telling us how to speak grammatically. I also learned about how language can give a sense of being a material
Multilevel classrooms provide many benefits and challenges for all stakeholders involved. Often time’s multilevel classrooms have students at varied levels in their respective and expressive language skills and cognitive develop. Providing differentiated instructions allows slower, and delayed learners to work within their Zone of Proximal development, while more advance learners can continue to exceed without being held back. Equitable classroom practices provide individual help for all students. Students are at different levels of literacy in their native language and for English Language Learners (ELL) have the additional challenge of language acquisitions in their second language. Principles and Practices of Sociocultural Assessment: Foundations for Effective Strategies for Linguistically Diverse Classrooms delineates assessment principles for ELL students in a sociocultural
By picking language apart as if it were an object, simply looking at syntax, phonology, and semantics you understand only a small part of it, you do not learn how it works when it is in people 's minds and mouths. In this essay I will firstly be explaining my understanding of the topic sentence, as well as discussing how it is important for a teacher to understand language, both as an object, as its parts as well as language as a whole, in motion. I will then be talking about how digital media in the classroom can provide a way to involve all children overcoming the differences in language they may have, but that a teacher would have to keep in mind that not all children will have the same level of understanding and proficiency with
Some linguistic models try to explain the development of second language acquisition. The three most common models are (1) the Universal Grammar Model, (2) the Competition Model, and (3) the Monitor Model. The Universal Grammar Model refers to the system of principles, conditions, and rules that are properties or elements of all human languages. At the same time, each language has grammatical rules that vary from one language to another. Thus, Chomky states that different languages have a limited possibility of different grammatical structures (1975). Therefore, second language learners base their second language acquisition on universal principles common to all languages, and on the force of the particular rules of each language. All of those can be concluded that as a human, especially as children, we have vary form of rules in language, in this case is second language.
Linguistics has impacted cognitive psychology as the quest to understand language acquisition and the structure of language itself is undertaken. Linguistics is a complex and multifaceted; it includes language structural patterns and language development (Barsalou, 2005). The process of language development is complicated and dense, as the study of language is examined; the role of cognition is inherently examined and analyzed. Sternberg (2006) also explores language as an innate process and presents the idea that humans are born ready for language as a biological and cognitive process.
An enormous scale of migration has resulted to unprecedented stages of diversity in Europe, in particular in Germany, altering societies in fundamental ways and challenging the idea of national identity that is closely held by the host nation. Furthermore, the vast majority of the publics are in great fear, that the shared values and norms that ties communities together will be enfeebled permanently if migrants do not adapt to the host country’s culture, language and its identity. In this particular essay, it would critically examine cultural diversity and the challenges that both parties encounter due to their substantial differences in culture, language values and etc.
Educators need to understand what language is and how it can be developed, as it can impact the way they teach in a learning environment. An educator plays an important role of a child’s life, the child listens and copies what an educator or parent does, as they are a model of language for them (Fellowes & Oakley, p.48). Language is a method of communication between individuals, that can be verbal or written involving words, sentences and speech. Language is developing and growing every day all around the world, as you hear older generations complain about how younger people speak, which is a sign of language always changing (Leiden University, 2015). “We can’t stop language changing, language has a life of its own” Vera Regan (Professor
This essay will discus the aspects of language that make it an object to be analysed, as well as a the features that make it a social process, and its socio-cultural aspects. In this essay the semiotic features of language will be discussed, they include; Haliday’s 7 langugae functions, the Accommodation theory, the types of Englishes, and the cultural aspect of language. The essay will also covers how language can be contextual, dynamic, and on the continuum. Lastly the essay will give classroom examples on how teachers can implement the points covered to the classroom setting.
The objective of this study is to examine the general context of the communicative approach in language teaching and describe the key features of a communicatively innovative approach with a focus on form and to describe in detail four central elements of an innovative and progressive approach to second language teaching. This work will additionally discuss the challenges found in relation to the application of these two elements.
Grammar teaching has an irreplaceable place in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) because of the fact that without grammar learners can use the language in a limited way; they may not achieve to fully express their intentions or meaning of the messages in a communication activity. It has been seen that throughout the history, the attention given to grammar teaching has differed from time to time. In the beginnings of the twentieth century, grammar teaching was regarded so essential that other aspects of language were ignored as it was thought that it was necessary to know the grammatical rules in order to communicate appropriately. This idea was criticized in 1970s and it was argued that knowledge of the grammatical system of the language was one of the many components which lies beneath the idea of communicative competence (Richards & Renandya, 2002). And in order to use a language competently, it is not enough for a learner only to know the grammar rules as she should also know how the rules are used in real communication. During this period, grammar teaching began to lose its popularity and even abandoned in some cases. Recently, grammar teaching has risen again in language curriculum by receiving considerable attention. It is regarded as a very crucial part of language which should not be overlooked by the researchers. Today, it can easily be asserted as true that the necessity of teaching grammar is not questioned; instead, issues such as the most effective ways and