The Immediate Responsiveness Of Conditioned Pain Modulation

Pain is not just a symptom, but a specific problem that needs to be treated. Pain is a neurologic response to unpleasant stimuli. What is the gate control theory of pain? What are the classifications of pain? What are some ways to manage pain?

Each individual have experience pain differently. This is usually due to the factors of ethnicity, genetics and sex. This is known as pain perception. Different pain experiences are usually based on the location and severity of pain of an injury. However, evidence has shown that pain perception is not entirely dependent on physical injury; when pain perception is less/greater than expected from the extent of a physical injury, cases where the site of injury and site of pain differs.

The practice of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) has been around for approximately four decades now. During this time there have been improvements to the technology and the understanding of how to use this form of patient pain control; however, there continues to be concern related to the safety and efficacy of PCA. As this analysis proceeds it will briefly explain what PCA is and how it is used, then delve into the benefits and the safety issues surrounding PCA use as it pertains to the patient and the nurse. Some of the benefits of PCA include improved pain management, improved use of nursing resources, increased patient satisfaction, and reduced pulmonary issues (Hicks, Sikirica, Nelson, Schein & Cousins, 2008). Some of the safety

Recognizing that the prevention of chronic disease and promoting population health is the key to controlling health care expenditure, the inclusion of pain management is a positive aspect of the legislation. While chronic pain is not in the top leading chronic diseases, the cost to the health care system is higher than heart disease and diabetes combined.2 This paper will discuss Title IV - Prevention of Chronic Disease and Improving Public Health. Subsection D - Support for Prevention and Public Health Innovation of the PPACA, including the funding of the United States Department of Health and Humans Services (HHS) for research in public health services and the examination of best prevention practices. One focus of this part of this provision is research and evaluation of pain management, the assessment, and treatment standards through an Institute of Medicine Conference on Pain Care.3

Pain is one of the most influential symptoms that leads individuals to reach out to health care professionals to seek relief. Pain is subjective and unique to each person. Some individuals may have a higher pain tolerance than others. According to Frandsen (2014), “Pain is an unpleasant, sensory, emotional sensation associated with actual or potential tissue injury” (p. 889). Pain may be caused by a variety of elements, such as tissue or nerve damage and surgery. There are three main categories that pain is classified by, which are origin, duration, and cause. The main focus of this paper is on acute pain, chronic pain, and phantom pain. It is crucial to know how to assess each type of pain, as well as how to enhance it, or decrease the pain.

Pain threshold is the point when a stimulus causes pain. Pain threshold limit varies between everyone and the reason for that is because of the genes you inherited from your ancestors. Controlling these genes can result in higher pain threshold or higher pain sensitivity, as the pain threshold depends on your genetics. Sensing pain has been a survival trait for all mankind, making us avoid scenarios that will harm our body. Although having a sense of pain is very useful, what if we are able to control when we feel pain and how much we feel? Both cases have their positives and negatives.The average set of COMT genes is one Valine form of the gene, and one Methionine, the normal pain threshold.The version of your COMT gene depends in your genetics, the combination creates your pain threshold, and the COMT and be used in the medical field.

Murray J. McAllister created this website because he had concerns for how chronic pain was being understood and managed in the current healthcare system. There is no uniform or consistency in how chronic pain is being treated among healthcare providers. Many providers also correlate chronic pain to a previous orthopedic injury and not from a nervous system related condition. This poses many concerns

Pain is subjective and identifying pain objectively is very complex. It can influence the patient’s behavior and can negatively affect the patient’s heart rate and blood pressure. When caring for these individuals and attempting to control their pain,

Sample size is estimated a priori based on a previous study analyzing the short-term effects of hypnosis on oral function and pain in subjects with TMD.33 Pain is chosen as the priority primary outcome measure in comparison to the other primary outcome measure, jaw ROM, as many TMD patients struggle with chronic pain, which diminishes their quality of life. Therefore, the posttest NRS-11 mean pain scores and standard deviations for the control (X1=3.9 and s1=1.5) and hypnosis group (X2=2.9 and s2=2.4)33 were utilized to first calculate effect size, d (Equation A.1). Because the standard deviations, s, were different between the two groups,

People experiencing depression would be likely to experiencing due to the phycological nature of the illness. The association between depression and pain perception was studies suggest that individuals suffering from depression are more suceptible to pain. The study found that patients major depressive disorder showed an increased pain sensitivity. That although patients with depression are more likely to report experiencing pain the evidence regarding altered pain sensitivity is inconclusive. Although it is impossible to fully understand the link between depression and pain perception. Evidence pertaing to the involvement of depression and altered pain sensitivity remains inconclusive. It is widely understood that the effect of depression

Hamza, Willoughby, and Armiento (2014) designed an experiment to test the hypothesis that self-punishment motivations for NSSI engagement are associated with increased pain threshold and tolerance. The participants used in this study were 82 fourth-year undergraduate students at a midsized Canadian university recruited from a larger ongoing project examining stress and coping among university students.

According to John Hopkins Medicine (n.d.), pain is an uncomfortable feeling that tells you something may be wrong. It can be fixed, throbbing, stabbing, aching, pinching, or described in many other ways. Pain is categorized as either acute or chronic. Acute pain is usually severe and brief, and is often a signal that your body has been injured. Chronic pain can vary from mild to severe and is there for long periods of time (John Hopkins Medicine, n.d). This paper will discuss a scenario that entails which person is experiencing the most pain, how two people can have the same procedure experience different levels of pain, factors that contribute to each person’s pain level, and two complementary/alternative methods of pain control.

All the studies used different measurement tools to measure the psychological aspects of pain, so the review only focused on the physical reported outcomes of pain (Harris et al., 2015). Therefore, the review failed to examine other aspects of pain, as pain is not only a physical experience. The studies found that CBT was statistically “more effective compared to a waiting list in reducing headache intensity in one out of two studies, and in two other studies, reducing headache frequency and headache-free days”(Harris et al., 2015). There is a variety of problems with this review and the studies included within it. The quality between each of the studies varied and therefore, requires the results to be considered with caution due to the potential risk of bias. Furthermore, due to “methodology inadequacies in the evidence base, it makes it difficult to draw any meaningful conclusions or to make any recommendations” (Harris et al., 2015). The review also included older studies, ones that have a high risk of bias, studies with small sample sizes, and ones with “suboptimal reporting” (Harris et al., 2015). Other problems included that “selection bias is unknown or likely in all of these studies”, drop-outs were excluded in a number of the studies, problems with low participant numbers, and “there was a failure to report p values in a number of instances and two

The clinician will then move to the next model of pain. Gate Control was built on the idea that “specificity” really didn’t accurately explain the variations in pain experienced by people. Gate Control says very simply that pain is a “message” – a message that is sent from sensory receptors in a part of the body directly to the brain. The message is transmitted via the spinal cord, and there is a “gate” that controls the transmission in it (this gate is called the dorsal route ganglion, and will come up later as well). When the gate is “open,” the pain message is transmitted in clear, high definition to the brain, and the brain says very clearly: “Pain!” When the gate is “closed,” the message is weakened, or blocked. The brain doesn’t

When examining which topic I should choose for this final paper I had to do a lot of thinking and figure out which topic would be most relevant to me. This was a challenging question for so many of these topics could relate to me and I would have a lot of information towards them. I narrowed it down and decided to pick the topic of stress management. Specifically, how stress management techniques and relaxation methods can help patients suffering from chronic pain. How effective are these tactics? How do they compare to traditional pharmacological approaches to pain management? I believe that this is an interesting topic and have learned a lot about myself in regards toward stress management and different types of coping techniques. This is a paper that is very informative and beneficial in many ways for it has helped me examine the health benefits of the different types of stress management techniques.