Task1 Essay

1) DNA programs protein production in the cytoplasm by transferring its coded information to a molecule called RNA (mRNA). The RNA then carries the order to build this type of protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

Froedtert Hospital is Milwaukee, WI is a nationally ranked hospital that handles both common and complex health problems. Froedtert Health is nationally ranked in four different specialties as well as eight high performing specialties. Froedtert Hospital is also recognized as one of Wisconsin’s best places to work.

The Family and Medical Leave Act sets regulations for job-protected leave related to family and medical reasons. FMLA applies to organizations with 50 or more employees working within 75 miles of the employee’s worksite (“Employment Laws,” n.d., para. 6). Employees who have been with their current employer for 12 months and who have worked 1250 hours of service in the previous 12 months are eligible for 12 weeks of unpaid leave through FMLA (“Eligibility Requirements,” Revised 2013). FMLA covers the following leave reasons:

Based off of the information provided, Company X is in clear violation of the ADEA. Employee B is over 40 and therefore in a protected job class. Unless they have reason to justify their decision, employee B

| In order for employee to be eligible, company must have a minimum of 50 employees working within a 75 mile radius of the plant.

There are 20 canonical amino acids that are encoded by the genetic code of nearly all known organisms. There are only very few exceptions. In order to add novel building blocks to this existing repertoire, unique aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and tRNA pairs are required, in addition to the specific amino acid codon as well as a source of the amino acid. In terms of biological evolution, it is known that our ensemble of 20 amino acids has remained unchanged over a period of 3 billion years. This is demonstrated by the fact that all living organisms have adopted it.

In the nucleus of our cells, there contains DNA which is what contains the genetic information that our body uses. However to use that genetic information, a protein needs to be made. This all starts in a nucleus in our cells where we begin with transcription. There a helicase splits apart a DNA sequence into two strands, one strand containing codons, and the other containing anti-codons. These codons consist of any triplet of the four nitrogen bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. The complementary base-pair rule states that adenine only connects to thymine and cytosine only connects to guanine. A copy is made of the original template that becomes RNA. Once transcription is finished, mRNA exits the nucleus through the indoplasmic

RNA is very similar to DNA. It resembles a long chain with the links in the chain made up of individual nucleotides. The nucleotides in RNA also similar to DNA that made up of three components, which are a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of the more stable deoxyribose in DNA, which helps to make RNA more flexible and less durable. In RNA, the bases also come in four chemical forms, and the information in RNA is encoded in the sequence in which these bases are arrange. The nitrogen bases in RNA include Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G), but RNA has Uracil (U) instead of Thymine (T) in DNA. Cells make RNA messages in a process similar to the replication of DNA. The DNA strands are pulled

When DNA is being replicated it starts with the replication being unzipped in a way that the DNA is being taken apart. The second step in the DNA replication process is the enzymes being carried out, that is called helicase, that is when it breaks down the hydrogen bonds is holding the complementary bases of DNA together. For example, they would hold A to T and C to G. After the helicase stage has happened it then comes down to the two single strands of the DNA being separated. The DNA is shaped kind of in a Y-shape and is considered as a replication fork. The two strands that have been taken apart will act as a figure for making the new DNA strands. The next step in the DNA replication process would be the 3´- 5´ template. The replication process is complicated and also the new

Finally, all the nucleotides are joined to form a complete polynucleotide chain using DNA polymerase. The two new DNA molecules form double helices.

b) mRNA is a translation of DNA into a convertible protein substituting T with U. The template strand shown is the 1st step of transcription and it is transcribed to: GTA GAT TGG GGT CTC CTC. Each of the codons codes for a particular amino acid. For example, each codon is a triplet and codes for one amino acid. In the strand shown it separates it into triplets that will reveal codon and amino acid number. For example, CAT CTA ACC CCA GAG GAG = 6 amino acids.

The formation of a protein begins in the genes, which contain the basic building information for all parts of living organisms. There are four DNA nucleotides that make up genes: A, T, C, and G. A codon is any arrangement of three of these nucleotides. Each triplet of nucleotides codes for one amino acid. First transcription will begin in the nucleus where mRNA will transcribe the DNA template. During both transcription and translation, there are three steps. The first step in transcription is initiation where RNA polymerase separates a DNA strand and binds RNA nucleotides to the DNA. RNA nucleotides are the same as DNA ones except that U replaces the T. The second is just the elongation of the mRNA. The third step of transcription is termination. This occurs when RNA polymerase reads a codon region and the mRNA separates from the

Dr Sleeman – “From DNA to secreted protein: describe the key molecular events required and their organisation within the cell”

     Genetic information would be rendered useless if the stored information did not have a way of reaching the desired focal area. Since protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm and the DNA must remain in the nucleus, a way of transporting the code is essential. This comes in the form of messenger ribonucleic acid or m-RNA. Since the information on the DNA must stay the same on the m-RNA, the two have to be very similar. There are three major differences between RNA and DNA. RNA is only a single strand. The five carbon sugar of RNA is ribose opposed to deoxyribose and in RNA the pyrimidine uracil (U) replaces DNA's pyrimidine thymine (T). Since RNA is produced from DNA, the nucleotides of RNA can hold the same information as the nucleotides of DNA because the code for amino acids is centered around the RNA structure.

In the initial step, heat (usually hotter than 90 degrees Celsius) separates double-stranded DNA into