Introduction:
Political ideologies are the beliefs, morals and ethics held on what is the optimum way of governing a country (Jost, Federico, & Napier, 2009). They have long guided the elected governments behaviour, particularly in effect to Social Policy decisions; determining what policy initiatives will be elected and what is the best way of implementing such policies. New Zealand has had various political ideologies brought in by different governments; such as Social Democracy, Social Liberalism, Neo liberalism, Neo Conservatism and Conservatism. For the basis of this Essay, the focus will be on two of the most significant influences; Social Democracy and Conservatism. Both ideologies have had period 's of dominance in New Zealand 's Social policy history where they have impacted the general functioning of society. Their view of the state, and general morals have been strongly reflected in the policy initiatives there exponents have brought in. For Social Democracy, it being the 1938 Social Security Act and the various implementations of Keynesian Economic Management in the 1940s and 1980s; and for Conservatism, the Pensions for miners and returned servicemen, and the introduction of private prisons. The both having considerable impact not only on New Zealand society but the development of more progressive forms of political ideology. It will be argued that the resulting policies from the Social Democracy and Conservatism ideologies most notable influence is
Throughout the world there are many diverse political cultures. A political culture is the attitudes, beliefs or practices among a group of likeminded individuals. (Giardino pg. 27) There are different categories that embrace a political culture like an Individualistic, traditionalistic and moralistic. An individualistic culture is one that prefers less government involvement. The traditionalists’ culture maintains government as the social and economic hierarchy and does not like change. The moralistic culture favors public good and it revolves around social issues. In shaping a political culture demographics such as population size, growth, distribution and diversity are essential to determine how a state is in any of the three categories. Society is strongly affected by decisions of who, what and when does an individual receive any types of goods or services. Government is the structure, buildings and institutions that are held within politics.
Within the novel 1984, the Party has perverted many traditional human values. The Party has distorted the minds of the citizens of Oceania so that they believe what is happening is right. The Party has destroyed the value of true family, honesty, loyalty and love. For example, the Party encourages the breakup of families. In fact, the protagonist in 1984, Winston Smith, drifted apart from his wife, Katherine, due to the Party’s distortion of family. The Party told Oceania citizens that “the only recognized purpose of marriage was to beget children for the service of the Party” (65). Katherine took this advice to heart. Katherine did not enjoy the sexual act of marriage, she did it as she called it “’our duty to the party’” (67). However, because she could not bear a child with Winston, they parted.
In the department of Health and Welfare, the new government had developed a national contributory pension plan that was based on the Liberal campaign promises. (English, 284-285)
Deborah Stone compares the market and polis models of policy making with the intent to show that the original origin of the public policy discipline was to be grounded in a practical science, economics, but to also show how and why the economic approach to policy making has significant limitations. Stone is arguing against the view that policy decision making is rational decision making. Deborah Stone’s main reason for comparing the two models of policy making is to identify and critique the simplistic assumptions that have been used in the market and rationality project. Stone is attempting to point out the paradox that exists between the two because the two models are evidently contradictory, the market being ground in rationality and the polis being based on emotion. Stone compares the two policies in order to show that economics cannot be solely used to understand policy making because the two are fundamentally different. She also points out that policy is made in a political society and because of this the polis model seeks to explain public policy as it actually happens in reality since the field and study of public policy was created to allow government to make decisions that would best benefit their citizens.
Political Philosophy is typically a study of a wide range of topics such as, justice, liberty, equality, rights, law, politics and the application of a codified law. Depending on what the philosophy is, it usually tends to be a very sensitive and a personal ideology that an individual holds within the reality of their existence. Several of the fundamental topics of political philosophy shape up the society that we live in as these specific topics and their implementation by the state ensures a legitimate government. In Political Philosophy, the aforesaid concepts or topics are evaluated and analyzed with tremendous depth in context to their history and intent. Furthermore, in a rather colloquial sense, political
Center convictions and qualities are gone from folks to kids and schools, places of worship, organizations and the Government is strengthened by. New Zealand is a multicultural country lives in the nation in each and every gathering so they put their things as per the gathering, as per the Group on the particular's chicagos pizza sort to use with a mixed bag of beverages so made.
Traditional conservatives adopt an organic view of society. This implies that society works like a living thing, an organism, which is sustained by a fragile set of relationships between and amongst its parts. The whole is therefore more than just its individual parts. This implies that the individual cannot be separated from society, but is part of the social groups that nurture him or her, reflecting the dependent and security-seeking tendencies within human nature. Organic societies are fashioned ultimately by natural necessity, and therefore cannot be ‘improved’ by reform or revolution. Indeed, reform or revolution is likely to destroy the
From the Late 1950’s through the 1960’s a movement started to reclaim the idea of freedom. Until the 1960’s, American Politics was dominated by liberalism. Many presidents defined themselves as being liberal, and the presidents who didn’t during their presidency may be called centrist or left leaning in today’s political climate. The idea to reclaim the idea of freedom gave birth to the Conservative movement. Conservatism was not extinct prior to the 1964 presidential election, it was diminished and liberalisms was thought as “…not only the dominant but even the sole intellectual tradition.” (Foner 308) During the late 1950’s a group of politicians mapped out in private what it actually meant to reclaim freedom. They felt that the “left” or liberals had forcefully changed the definition of freedom through policy implementations. The new conservative definition of freedom was “Freedom, in this view, meant decentralized political powers, limited government, and free market economy.” (Foner 308), the definition criticized the New Deal Coalition and questioned whether the morals and values of freedom had deteriorated. The New Deal was implemented in the 1930’s in response to the economic and social crisis. Many people, especially liberals, looked to blame Conservatism as a whole for the Great Depression and the rise of Fascism abroad. The looming Cold War and a steadily increasing government size gave a spark and attracted many different
New Right is referred to the 'pro-market, anti -state ideological perspective' which was associated with the Conservative government in the 1970's - 1980's. The New Right therefore begun to emerged during the 1970's in light of the economic crisis of 1973, and as a reaction to the rapid expansion of welfare state expenditure after the war. It was believed that Britain was in an economic crisis and had economically under-performed compared to its counterparts since the 2nd World War because of public growth and social welfare expenditure (George & Wilding, 1993; Alcock,1996). They believed their ideas regarding the welfare state were very essential' if Britain's economy was to survive
The ideas, social democracy and conservatism have impacted social policy to support the citizens within New Zealand. They contrast in ways, which they are based upon. Social democracy bases their ideas in state intervention to support the welfare creating egalitarianism. Whereas conservatism base their ideas by providing minimal state intervention, where tradition social institutions are conserved and natural authority is established. Both ideas support individuals by providing a good vision; this is achieved through the state implementing policies.
Sue McGregor (2001) defines neoliberalism as a composition of two concepts ‘neo’ meaning new and ‘liberal’ meaning no government interference. Neoliberalism is based on three principles: individualism, free market via privatization and deregulation, and decentralization. Sue McGregor (2001) also explains that Deregulation implicates on the extraction of a portion of law that formerly permitted the government to distribute services to the public or modify laws so that the private sector has more influence. In the point of view of neoliberalists, markets are far preferable to government in the distribution of limited resources. With little or no interference of the government to implement policies to protect the lower social class providing a fair redistribution of the nation’s assets, the lower class end up with nothing. Without social programs to help them, it is practically impossible to change their life
During the 1870’s the view of New Zealand as a Utopian Arcadia slowly drifted. Despite the British idealistic view of the perfect society, harsh realities started to sink in for the Europeans
Early representations of New Zealanders are often associated with the notions of hardworking, no.8 wire thinking people that live in an untouched natural environment. These generalisation?s stem from stereotypes that derived from the pioneers who came to New Zealand and colonized an undiscovered land and developed a nation. Arguably this is the western view of what New Zealand identity is. Social change over time has seen New Zealanders transform from a nostalgic L&P commercial (which ironically mainly show white men) into a multi-cultural, sophisticated, adventurous people or as Prime Minister John Key has been quoted ?loyal and proud?. A romantic
New Zealand is one of the countries in the world that has unwritten consititution and it is vital because it is the base of a government on how to govern a country based on it. Having a written constitution in New Zealand will give New Zealanders more access about certain documents on the consitution itself. On the other hand, if New Zealand continuously having an unwritten constitution, the citizen may not have knowledge on it due to limited access on it. This essay will clarify on constitution and what is a written constitution. This essay also covers the need to include the Constitution Act 1986, the Public Finance Act 1989 and the Arms Act 1983 and removing the Public Sector Act 1988 from it.
(New Zealand Government, 2015, para. 1). Prime Minister John Key, the main advocate for change, officially launched such discussion last year in a public address he gave at Victoria’s University in Wellington. One of the main points presented in Key’s (2014) speech were his views on how he believes Moreover Key (2014) also argued (para. 88). So far the Prime Ministers proposal failed to inspire the public. On the contrary, it has produced a substantial amount of controversy. The main arguments seem to revolt around the issues of cost, process, national symbol, history and change. This paper will look more closely into each of these aforementioned public differences and close with my own view concerning this debate.