List Of Major Countries With The World Bank

The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is located in southern Asia. It is a landlocked country. The nations that boarder Afghanistan are Pakistan to the East and South, Iran to the West, and Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan to the North. The country also shares a minor board with China,

Adequate security funding must be provided by the international community in the upcoming years to prevent the collapse of the Afghanistan government should their domestic funding disappear. Without the security funding, there is a chance that domestic funds will be used to pay “those with guns” (security management) before the ANSF, an opportunity that can be exploited by the Taliban to regain a foothold into Afghanistan.

In Afghanistan, opium drug trafficking is present. This form of organized crime is the production of supply and financing of illegal markets in good and services4. With opium being transported from Afghanistan, this unauthorized activity is dominant in the state. Because drug trafficking is prominent in the region, there is an organized threat legitimacy of the state4. Through money lending also being an illegal activity present, the state is unable to protect its citizens against debt settling with children. This type of money lending involves loaning families’ money with a high risk of using their children as goods for trading4. Because of these two illegal acts of organized criminality, traffickers in Afghanistan have the advantage over the state. Thus, through transporting illegal goods and loaning money out to families, these drug traffickers dominate and threaten the Afghanistan

Afghanistan is not a country that is a victim of transnational issues, simply because, the country is and has been the cause for many of the issues the world has faced for many years. To say that this country is a failed state is an understatement; a lawless country caught up in war for nearly a decade has been the framework for transnational issues that continue to cause problems for the Central Asian region. The issues politicians and leaders around the world face with Afghanistan on transnational crime and narcotics is the fact that their goal for trafficking narcotic is purely to fund their terrorist operations. Militancy, smuggling, narcotics trafficking, arms transfer, and religious ideologies deployed against other nations are of extreme concern (Reyes & Dinar, 2015). The challenges presented are considered the most vital in terms of the threats they pose to the country and the population.

As of 24th November 2015, 3506 coalition member died and tens of thousands ANDSF and civilians died. Despite all the challenges, the US presence in the last decade was vital for Afghanistan and national security of the US. Key leaders of Al-Qaida and Taliban arrested and killed, Afghans authored their constitution, three presidential and two parliamentary elections have held, institutions and infrastructures have rebuilt and Afghanistan once again recovered its international recognition. The achievements are unprecedented, but there some challenges, inducing insecurity, instability and economic developments. Meanwhile, led by the US the international community renewed their commitments to support Afghanistan for another decade, the Transformation Decade (2015-2024) .

Three countries of different characteristics have been chosen as target markets. The choice of these countries has been based on their market characteristics but also on their geographical position. China has been one of the most powerful markets in the context of the international community. The particular country has attracted firms by almost all countries, as a result of the prospects that the Chinese market offers in terms of long term growth. Moreover, China is located near to Japan, a fact that would be taken

The US after the Cold War, became the unipolar power in the world. The unipolar system possesses only one great power with no competition. If a competitor emerges, the system can no longer be called unipolar. With the end of the Cold War, US emerged as the Unipolar superpower which also ended the traditional “East vs West’’ conflict. The longest economic expansion in modern U.S. history was seen after the cold war, in the 1990s. Originating in US defense networks, the internet spread to the public which greatly impacted the global economy, society, and culture. In the beginning of 1994, the US participated in the world’s largest trading bloc in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), linking 450 million people producing $17 trillion worth of goods and services. Since NAFTA came into effect, the North American economy has more than doubled in size. The combined gross domestic product (GDP) for Canada, the United States, and Mexico surpassed US$17 trillion in 2008, up from US$7.6 trillion in 1993. The structure of power in the international system determines the role of institutions. NATO, for example, is often cited as an institution that has outlived its original mandate—preventing a Soviet onslaught of Western Europe. NATO’s continued existence conveniently “illustrates how international institutions are created and maintained by stronger states (e.g., the United States) to serve their perceived and misperceived interests.”

Afghanistan today is one of the most violent and unstable countries in the world and is economically and politically on its knees after decades of conflict. There are five main obstacles are preventing Afghanistan from developing, which are high levels of corruption, crime, insecurity, drug-trafficking, and lawlessness (DFID, 2005). The current Afghan government is struggling to improve these issues despite receiving billions of dollars of foreign aid. The Taliban governed Afghanistan from 1996-2001 after a devastating civil war and their rule was characterised by the wide-spread human rights abuses (Okin, 1998) and the mismanagement of the economy, education system and health care system (Goodhand, 2000; Goodwin, 1998; Reyburn et al,

Despite having several problems, the country is gradually upgrading. Numerous countries supported Afghanistan in terms of finance, but

War and conflict have raged in Southeast and Central Asia for centuries due to civil unrest and political instability. The rise of the Taliban and other militant insurgencies have escalated the dangers and unpredictability of an already unstable government in Afghanistan. The agenda of these jihadist extremists is the takeover of the Afghan and Pakistan governments in favor of the more stringent Islamic ways of the Taliban, and the destruction of anyone who opposes them. These groups, professing to do the work of God, are perpetrating a coarse and distorted interpretation of Islam and the Quran. Violent acts that have been committed by insurgents, include crimes against humanity, acts of terrorism, murder, suicide bombings, and

Afghanistan is a shattered society. The participants in the Bonn Conference have set for the leaders and people of their country the formidable challenge of consolidating the peace process in less than three years. But it will take much more than 36 months to heal the wounds left by 23 years of war. The process of healing has started, however, and the members of the international community must be careful not to allow that process to reverse itself. This requires from all, a continued commitment and determination to stay the course. It also requires that realistic and achievable objectives be set.

Afghanistan has been a country filled with violence for over 30 years. Today, most of the media covers only the progress in rebuilding the country. There have been some improvements in Afghanistan, however, the war crimes, and the human rights abuses haven’t received as much attention. The Soviet Union, the United states, the Taliban and Pakistani ISI have been the culprits of the war crimes in Afghanistan. .

Objective: STUDY QUESTION 1.3: Explain how globalization has changed over time and differs both among countries and within countries.

Afghanistan is a country in south- Asia with population nearly 30million people. There are three neighbours that are Turkmenistan, Tadžikistan and Iran.

The term Globalization has emerged more prominently in the 1990s, but the concept of globalization and references thereto are not entirely new and it has been frequently associated with interdependency (Keohane; 2000). However, the distinction between the two terms is that interdependence is a condition, whereas globalization is a process. This implies that globalization is in a developmental state rather a comprehensive term. For instance, two states can be interdependent economically or militarily with reciprocal effect, but hardly called globalized e.g. Australia and USA.