Learning and Memory Essays

26. The hippocampus is a curved structure located within each temporal lobe, responsible for the formation of long-term

According to philosopher-psychologist William James, memory is a generalized concept that encompasses the long term and short term memory. Kendra Cherry, psychologist expert, defines long term memory as “storage of information over an extended period.” (Cherry n.d.) An individual’s long term memory is structured by a semi-permanent chemical and the anatomical hippocampus. The hippocampus is in the center of both hemispheres of the brain and works in accordance with the amygdala to allow information to be imported to form memories. In relation to her research of the long term memory, Cherry also provided information on the characterization of the short memory which is described as, the “primary or active memory” that presently takes in information. (Cherry n.d.) The thalamus is a large portion of a dual lobed mass of matter that is located under the cerebral cortex.

"Memory is composed of several different abilities that depend on different brain systems (1). A fundamental distinction is between the capacity for conscious recollection of facts and events (declarative or explicit memory) and various

This had led psychologists within the approach to explain that memory is build up of three stages: encoding (where information is received), storage (where the information is held) and retrieval (where the information is recalled if necessary.)

Memory is the process of encoding, storing and retrieving information in the brain. It plays an import role in our daily life. Without memory, we cannot reserve past experience, learn new things and plan for the future. Human memory is usually analogous to computer memory. While unlike computer memory, human memory is a cognitive system. It does not encode and store everything correctly as we want. As suggested by Zimbardo, Johnson and Weber (2006), human memory takes information and selectively converts it into meaningful patterns. When remembering, we reconstruct the incident as we think it was (p. 263). Sometimes our memory performance is incredibly accurate and reliable. But errors and mistakes are more commonly happen, because we do

Memory refers to the persistence of learning in a state that can be revealed at a later time (Squire, 1987). A memory is a network of neocortical neurons and the connections that link them. That network is formed by experience as a result of the concurrent activation of neuronal ensembles that

“Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, degenerative disorder that attacks the brain's nerve cells, or neurons, resulting in loss of memory, thinking and language skills, and behavioral changes. These neurons, which produce the brain chemical, or neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, break connections with other nerve cells and ultimately die. For example, short-term memory fails when Alzheimer's disease first destroys nerve cells in the hippocampus” (Alzheimer’s Association Foundation.) The destruction of the hippocampus is very serious because the hippocampus is a structure in the brain’s limbic system that plays an important part role in memory (Ettinger 91.) Its is responsible for forming organizing and storing memories.It connects the memories to structures and senses like smell and sound. “The hippocampus is a horseshoe shaped paired structure, with one hippocampus located in the left brain hemisphere and the other in the right hemisphere. The hippocampus acts as a

the hippocampus: involved in imagining new experiences and possible future events as well as spatial context being the critical ingredient the hippocampus provides for imagining new experiences and possible future

1) Memory is the act of reviewing or processing of what has been studied. We use memory to learn and think in our everyday lives. Memory is a personal library in our brain for us to look back at information we encounter in our lives. While doing research on this paper I stumbled upon a lot of informations about memory and tips and trick to improve our memory. In chapter 7 of Karen Huffman and Katherine Dowdell's textbook, I learned amazing new bits knowledge into how we recall information and why we forget. Memory is broken up into three parts. You have encoding, storage, retrieval. Encoding is the introductory learning data. Storage is the maintenance of encoded data over time. Retrieval is the ability to get to the data when you need it. All three of memory stages figures out if something is recollected or forgotten. Students will likely not remember

McLeod (2007) describes memory as the psychological function of processing & preserving vast amounts of information such as visual images, acoustic sounds and semantic meanings. According to the Oxford Dictionary of Psychology (2009), memory involves a series of interconnected systems that serve different functions. The basic divisions of these systems are declarative and procedural memory, episodic and semantic memory and long and short term memory.

Some scientists believe that parts of long term memory are permanent while others will eventually weaken over time. (3) Long term memory can be divided into three sections: procedural memory, declarative memory, and remote memory. Procedural memory includes motor skills such as learning how to ride a bike or how to drive a car. "Such memories are slow to acquire but more resistant to change or loss." (4) Declarative memory is used to remember facts, such as names, dates and places. It is easy to learn but also easy to lose. Finally there is episodic memory, which is the record of events that a person stores throughout his or her experience. Recent studies show that these events, as soon as they occur, are sent to a temporary part of the brain called the hippocampus, and that over time they are moved to the neocortex for permanent storage. (5).

It also indicates to the brain’s intelligence to keep knowledge. Recollection is a crucial piece of the training progress (Loftus). Repeating actions can really help to expand what has been just viewed. The memory is a result of an influence on perception, attention, and learning. Many experiences in life affect what a person remembers. Memory collects the events that were given the most impact on the life at hand. Every time a person learns something different, chemical conversions account new passageways to grow between neurons. The memory traces can be energized at any time to intimate the cognition called memories. If memories weren’t in the brain, learning something would be new every time. There are two distinct types of memories including motor-skill memory and factual memory. The ability to memorize motor skills, such as walking or riding a bike makes it possible to achieve many everyday actions without abundant conception of conscious thought. Motor-skills are very important because they show what comes naturally to a person and what can be improved to help get to a goal or new step in life. Between five to six hours of learning a new motor-skill, the capability of completing the task becomes gathered forever in a person’s brain. If it is disturbed by another learning action the first one may be erased or can easily be slipped away from memory (“Memory” n. pag.). Motor-skills are crucial for survival and show how they can be so important for future

Memory is the information that has been encoded, stored, and available for retrieval in our brain. Memory can be subdivided into two broad categories: working memory (or short-term memory) and long-term memory. Long-term memory can in turn be divided into subsystems, one being episodic memory. To know the sex differences in episodic memory, it is important to know the definition. According to Herlitz and Rehnman, they described episodic memory as the conscious recollection of unique personal experiences in terms of their content (what), location (where), and temporal occurrence.

Figure 6.1 is an explanation of how information enters the brain and then processed through the cycle of the individual's memory. It all starts with getting the sensory information into a form that the brain can use and process, this is called encoding. Encoding is not limited to just turning sensory information into the correct signals for the brain, it is different in each of the three different storage systems of the memory.

Memory is a cognitive process that allow us to stored, retrieved, and encoded information. Storage is where the information goes, retrieved is where you get the information, and encoding is where the information is processed. A model that supports the cognitive process is the multi-store model (MSN) and according to the MSM the human memory can be divided into three stores of memory.