“Is Gender Biologically Determined?”- Drawing upon ethnographic examples from 2-3 societies.
Gender being ‘biologically determined’ means that whether gender is inherited or passed down by genetics. If a person is a man or woman, (which is usually called ‘The Sex’), that is biologically determined because they inherit the chromosomes to be born a man, or to be born as a woman. In the early 1970’s sex was described by “biology as: anatomy, hormones, and physiology” (West and Zimmerman 1987). Apart from gender being a biological factor, there are other things which are not biologically determined; “Gender was an achieved status, which was constructed through psychological, cultural and social means” (West and Zimmerman1987). Hence the answer
…show more content…
During the 1980’s indulging in homosexual activity was considered in crime, people were imprisoned when caught doing so. But in 2003 some parts of the United States, suspended the law, and made homosexuality legal, soon European countries such as Canada, Belgium, and Netherlands passed an act which approved of homosexual weddings (Bonvillain 2006). If one digs deeper into this issue, where these debatable, one can find that it roots back from religions. Most religion disapprove of homosexuality but in religions such as Hindu, for sexuality, scriptures of homosexual activity only stated that it was normal and natural, to be attracted to the same sex (Bonvillain 2006). But in today’s society the main issue is regarding the issue of males being attracted to each other, an example of this issue is ‘Homophobia of men’. Homosexuality is considered to be a cultural construct, which apart from the ‘lesbian identities’ gave rise to the ‘gay identities’ (Herek 1986). It is common for normal men, to avoid influencing with homosexual men, as they fear what the public might think of them being judged as not ‘masculine’, where as its more normal for woman to associate with lesbians or homosexual women, as they are not being judged by the rest of the females (Herek 1986). Studies showed, that the social construction of gay identities meant that there was something psychologically wrong with that person,
“Although sharply divided, public attitudes toward gays and lesbians are rapidly changing to reflect greater acceptance, with younger generations leading the way” (NORC University of Chicago, 2010, p. 1). This push for international acceptance of the LGBT people could not come any sooner. Lesbians, gays, bisexuals as well as transgender individuals from around the world have almost all experienced some sort of discrimination in their lives. This is why there is such a gap between heterosexual and LGBT people. There are hundreds, if not more, reasons for why some people will not accept LGBT individuals and couples, whether it is religion, family values or simply the fact that some people find LGBT people unnatural. This is why the common sufferings
It was not until the twelfth century that homosexuality started to be condemned. This condemnation proved to live through then until now. Due to the fact that America incorporated these early views into its early laws, even the most bland of today's sex acts were seen as unlawful (“Homosexuality and Mental Health”). Since then, these laws have changed, however, there is still a primarily negative connotation on homosexuals when coming from a church or legal standpoint concerning the masses of America.
In some cultures same-sex relationship is a taboo; most are discriminated, punished, and others are prayed out of it. However, in some cultures same sex relationships are seen as a type of practice preparing men for their future roles as husbands. Following this, the get married to a woman and the behavior is no longer acceptable. Among other cultures, a same-sex relationship is only accepted if there is a shortage in the opposite sex partner. Also, men are expected to be masculine so when they’re a little feminine they 're considered less of a man(Vance 2011).
The concept of gender is not as cut and dry as you might think. The term gender is often used incorrectly as a synonym for our biological sex. Gender is more of a predetermined set of ideas and characteristics used in identifying socially acceptable behaviors and appearances for the sexes. It is not determined by the biological sex of the person. From an early age we begin to develop ideas of what it means to be male or female by observing others. Gender falls on a spectrum from masculine to feminine with many combinations in between. Gender expression and gender identity are also not the same thing. Gender expression is not related directly to how a person perceives their gender,
Invention is the greatest idea of our time. Whether it is medical, scientific, social, or mechanical, a new invention of the day seems to be part of our everyday lives. Homosexuality is really no different. It may not be your everyday invention, but it clearly is and people throughout time to try and identify the first “known homosexual” in time. Some people wanted this new idea of homosexuality to just go away, but as time has gone on, it will not be going away anytime soon. It is getting to be more prominent in society and this paper takes the stand that in Canada especially, homosexuality is not seen by society overall as something different. Of course it is still not
When it comes to gender, it is as easy to determine as quantum physics; all the pieces are there but it is impossible to put together. Without hard evidence, all people can do is to make assumptions. The two biggest arguments on how gender is determined right now is based upon social and biological construct. Arguing for the sociological aspect is Aaron Devor, writer of the article, “Gender roles behaviors and attitudes”. Dover believes that, “People use femininity and masculinity to claim and communicate their membership in their assigned, or chosen, sex or gender” (Devor 505). Devor considers that society has certain roles that are predetermined towards males, females and anyone in between. A man has to act a certain way to be masculine and a female a certain way to be considered feminine. On the not so opposite side of the spectrum is Deborah Blum, author of the work, “The gender blur: Where Does Biology End and Society Take Over?”. Blum doesn’t necessarily disagree with Devor, but asks the question, “Do the gender roles of our culture reflect an underlying biology, and, in turn, does the way we behave influence that biology” (Blum 512). Blum is arguing that maybe it was our genetic makeup that built the foundation on how a gender should act. Both authors present valid points for their arguments, but in the end, it is Blum who comes over on top with her usage of tone, evidence, and the use of a counterargument.
Queer community is considered as a minority group in the united State of America. Initially, it was believed that peoples form the Queer community were broking the moral norms of the community thus, the law does not allow any in the Queer environment to get married to individuals in their respective group because it was considered forbidden, but as civilization begins to grow, Individuals from the majority group begins to accept the Queer community as human and as a result they have certain human right that cannot be taken away from them. Even though things are turning out right, many religions still hold a strong animosity towards individuals from that group. In a paper published by Andrew William states that, "Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and
The idea of homosexual behavior has created a number of responses worldwide. Currently, the United States has many levels of acceptance of homosexuality. There are places on this earth that have the same outlook as the United States, and there are places that are completely opposite. By looking at these different perspectives, the public could obtain some valuable points in the battle of acceptance. My objective is to give these old ideas a new audience, to show the wide range of acceptance throughout the world, and to compare the United States and other nations challenged to acknowledge a different lifestyle.
However, this process can difficult for someone who is homosexual, many minority cultures frown upon being gay or lesbian, it is hard enough for homosexuals to be accepted amongst their family, because once they “come out,” they are exposed to a new set or norms and life-style, which goes against the traditional way of living and beliefs. In this article the authors explain the bicultural process for those who are homosexuals, explaining that a homosexual must first find a way to be accepted amongst their minority culture, and then expose themselves to the majority culture through socialization. However, when socializing with the mainstream culture as a gay or lesbian, many times that leads to further issues in areas such as marriage, family, parenting, education, and religion. Not only is a challenge for them to be accepted in these areas by society, but there are actual laws and legislations that exclude them from these
These days gender selection has become one of the controversial topics all around the world. Advanced technologies vastly affected peoples’ lives in order to select their babies’ genders that they hoped. Imagine, is it fair to select the gender of a child that might lead us to the discrimination and gender imbalance? In the article, “Gender Selection of Babies,” the author discusses whether it is good to use the opportunity to select babies’ genders or simply accept the babies the way they are. The article states that the people who support the gender selection should have right to select the gender of their babies without interference by the government or the society. People believe that mature adults should be free to select the gender of their babies to control over their family lives. On the other hand, the article also states that despite the continued use of technology for the gender selection in the medical field, there is no more than 50% chance of producing the desired gender of babies. People against the gender selection also argue that parents need to accept their children in a natural form. Biggest of all, this gender selection can also lead to sex discrimination and gender imbalance. While considering these terms, parents should accept the children the way they are without any interference.
An individual who considers conducting applied research must first formulate an appropriate hypothesis in an effort to obtain an answer to a question through data and other statistical means. Importantly, it is essential for the researcher conducting the desired study to provide pertinent evidence that illustrates a valid or an invalid point regarding the data results. Our selected research was to prove whether or not males, in fact, weighed more at birth in comparison to females at birth. Furthermore, the research problem in the case of female and male birth weight presents our hypothesis, regarding greater birth weight, which is men on average weigh more at birth than women with an alternative hypothesis that the null hypothesis will be false.
In early times, homosexual acts or relationships were considered deviant and criminal in the US, but in recent times, the general population have accepted homosexuality as a social norm. Since then, homosexuality has been decriminalized and reforms are in placed to increase LGBT rights. However, countries like Saudi Arabia, which is heavily influenced by ultra-conservative religious customs and mores, still consider homosexuality as a deviant and criminal behavior because it defies the country’s tribal customs and religious doctrines. What is considered deviant in one group may not be considered deviant in another. Thus, this reiterates that deviance is socially constructed by a group, and perception of a deviant act or behavior is subject to and dependent on the individuals or groups who are perceiving the
Less than a century ago, homosexuality was thought to be a curable mental illness and was not spoken of. Many consider it to be “unnatural” or a “lifestyle choice” while others believe sexuality is a part of each individuals nature. Homosexual individuals have been around since at least the beginning of recorded history and have been found to exist in essentially every culture throughout time. Treatment of these individuals varied in each culture. Some viewed sexual orientation as another aspect human sexuality. Some cultures treated it as a right of passage, others saw it as a direct act against God and punished it severely. Whether by nature or by choice, homosexuals are still humans and should be treated as such. Although protections and
The relationship between biological sex and cultural construction of gender is that one leads to another. Biological sex is the sex determined from one’s chromosomes, males being XY and females being XX. While biologically this is correct, there are cases in which physically one is born male or female, but mentally, they feel as if they should be the opposite. That is where biological sex and cultural construction of gender intermingle. Looking at the cultural construction of gender, one can identify a male in comparison to a female, but when looking at the bigger picture, the cultural construction of gender is more of a social construct that only applies only in a social world. The relationship between biological sex and cultural contraction of
The realization of the homosexuality in the modern western world as a cultural, sexual and a social category has been a result of complex power relations that surround sexuality and gender. The acceptance of homosexuality in the society has met its fair share of resistance and skepticism. The view that homosexuality can be in the same league as heterosexual has led it to be viewed as a normal behavioral and moral standard (Gallagher & Baker, 2006). Inasmuch as the skeptics may not want to accept the existence of homosexuality studies show that the habit is rampant today with many gay people coming out in the open. Of interest is the political acceptance of homosexuality with passing gay rights so that it can be recognized by law. This move has given homosexuals the ability to engage in legal entities like marriage (Gallagher & Baker, 2006).