Essay Exercise 16

2. Based on the scale of measurement for each variable listed below, which measure of central tendency is most appropriate for describing the data?

You are planning an outing with a group of individuals. Some of the individuals need assistance with using the toilet, eating and drinking, and with their medication.

1. Ernestine Friedl says that the position of women is higher the more they are involved in (l) primary subsistence (as owners or controllers, NOT merely as laborers) and (2) the PUBLIC distribution of the product of subsistence. Use this argument to account for the position of women in Kung society. Make sure you use both part (l) and part (2) of Friedl’s argument. (Don’t worry that Friedl’s argument is simplistic; she is not trying to say that women’s role in subsistence is the ONLY factor that affects their position in society.)

What search terms did you use to locate this research study to analyze? What database did you use? What was your rationale for selecting this particular study to analyze over the others identified in the search results? What is the full reference of for the study in APA format?

True. SD indicates variability or spread of scores. Men had higher variability in scores with a SD 22.40

They also established a control which included 80 participants where he identify the age and gender of these individuals. The author discussed the participants were recruited from specialized cerebrovascular hospitals and the control were created from family doctor practice in the same area. The author did not identify any information in regards of incentives paid to the participant. The author did not receive an approval from the IRB; however the U.K. National Health Services ethics committee approved the research completed. The author did superb on the procedure that was utilized to execute the study where I would feel competent with completing this study myself. The author identify the research design that was utilized which was between- group comparisons using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) which was adjusted for premorbid IQ. The author also identified what statistical software package that was utilized SPSS version 19. The authors identified the scale that was utilized, he utilized an alpha level of .001, but he did not identify why. The author also lacked to include any reliability and validity in regards of his method that he used for his research

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as structural or functional kidney damage or a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) less that 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 for at least 3 months.1 Approximately 1 of 3 adults with diabetes and 1 of 5 adults with high blood pressure has CKD.2 We estimate that more than 10% of adults in the United States (more than 20 million people) may have CKD. Men with CKD are 50% more likely than women to have kidney failure.2 Due to increased risk for cardiovascular disease, individuals with CKD are 16 to 40 times more likely to die than to reach ESRD.2

The strengths of the study were the educational topics of the importance of eGFR and CKD management. The fact that this study showed that there was indeed a continuation of late referrals to the nephrologists could help further problems. The staging principals and risks discussed were also important. Another strength was the fact that a pre and post survey was conducted; with the education in between the surveys. The weakness of the studies education was the lack of actual case studies and the PCPs thought that nephrologists not peers should teach the lectures. The ability of the PCPs to attend both the supper and lunch was a weakness. Another weakness of the research was the fact that it didn’t discuss all of the questions that were on

End-stage renal disease is a permanent damage to the kidneys leading to need for dialysis on regular basis to maintain life and its quality (End- stage renal disease, 2013). According to National kidney foundation (2013), the number of ESRD patients in United States which are under treatment are approximately 615,000, out of which 430, 000 are being treated with dialysis more than 185, 000 have successful renal transplant. The data also indicates that there has been 57 % increase in the number of patients diagnosed with renal failure. The rate of disease can be calculated on the basis of number of patients per one million general population and adjusted on the basis of age, gender and sex. In 2008, the data indicates that the adjusted rate of ESRD patients was 351 per million general population and the highest adjusted rate was detected in Ohio valley, Texas, California, and southwestern states (2010 Atlas of end- stage renal disease in United States).

Thank you for sharing your knowledge about statistical information and how that helped you make a decision on what tests you can use for a patient’s problem. To be honest with you, I find it difficult to understand statistical information and quantitative data. So, I’ll be focusing on the research that I found about qualitative data for two tests that we commonly use in our facility.

First and foremost, the study will correlate incidence of dialysis to certain socio-psychological conditions. Through this way, the exact socio-psychological implications of subjecting patients suffering End Stage Renal Disease can be realized. Additionally, this study will also reveal the likelihood of falling into depression and the roles families must play when a patient is diagnosed with End Stage Kidney Failure. Such vital information will ultimately play a very significant role in devising the right and very effective methods for taking care of people, undergoing

Quantitative studies involve generation of data in numerical form or data that can be expressed in figures or quantity (Yin, 2003). To come up with a sample of 35 patients, the patients who were suffering from classified kidney disease were classified into layers or strata. The criterion used to create these levels was the cause of kidney disease in these patients. The level with patients who had patients’ kidney disease caused by cardiovascular disease and were undergoing hemodialysis was selected for this study. The 35 patients were interviewed, as the study used standardized interviews to generate and classify data (Yin, 2003). Use of small sample in this study minimized the standard error and bias while analyzing the data, as the sample size was 35 patients. This size of the

Primary renal disease was categorised into: glomerular, interstitial, vascular cystic (ADPKD), or diabetic nephropathy and others. This made it

Chadwick, L. and Macnab, R. (2015). Laboratory tests of renal function. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine, 16(6), pp.257-261.

For calculating the quality of life of patients we use a specific questionnaire for kidney patients named Kidney Disease and Quality of Life (KDQOL-SF™ 1.3). This questionnaire has been translated to Farsi by Amir Pakpour and others in Qazvin University of Medical Sciences and its reliability and validity has been recognized in a study, with a good ratio.[19] This questionnaire includes general and disease- specific areas in relation to quality of life of patients [20]. The general area also have 2 areas includes mental and physical conditions. [21] Referring to Hemodialysis and peritoneal centers the questionnaire presented to dialysis patients. If they have the willingness and ability to answer the questions, they fill it personally; otherwise we used 4 questioners who trained for this issue. Data was analyzed with T-test for determining the significant difference between results and χ2 test for determining the significant relations between variables. All of statistical tests were done with SPSS 15 and STATA firmware.