CHAPTER 2
THEORITICAL FOUNDATION
2.1 Critical Discourse Analysis
To understand the concept of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), it is necessary to see how CDA defines discourse. Discourse is not simply an isolated textual or dialogical structure (van Dijk, 1988). It is seen as socially constructed ways that do not only shape but also enable (social) reality (Foucault, 1977; Paltridge, 2006). It involves “a dialectical relationship between a particular discursive event and the situation(s), institution(s), and social structure(s) which frame it” (Fairclough & Wodak, 1997, p. 258). It also helps to establish power relations between social classes, gender, or majorities and minorities groups (Wodak & Meyer, 2009). Therefore, CDA acts as an approach that critically investigates the relationship between discourse and the reproduction of power in social practices and interactions (Fairclough, 1995 as cited
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Therefore, one of the distinguishing features of DHA is its interdisciplinary method that considers a variety of different empirical data and background information (Reisigl & Wodak, 2001).
The historical dimension is realized by collecting all information regarding the historical background and the original sources of the object under investigation and exploring diachronic change (Matouschek et al. 1995; Wodak et al., 1990, 1994 as cited in van Leeuwen & Wodak, 1999). Specifically, the process of analysis in DHA starts by describing the phenomena occurred in texts. Then, describing the apparent changes. Finally, discussing the result to find how and why change occurs since the purpose of DHA is to uncover the ideology in diachronic texts (Slavícková,
“The Rhetorical Situation” by Lloyd Bitzer discusses what a rhetorical situation includes for a situation to be identified as a rhetorical situation. Bitzer states that a rhetorical situation occurs when an issue has the possibility of being changed in a positive way. Bitzer discusses that a rhetorical situation must include rhetorical exigence, audience, and constraints. Rhetorical exigences must be receptive of positive change and can only be changed through discourse. Bitzer explains that discourse is a type of social practice or a way of thinking.
In order to be accepted into a discourse community, a person must learn typical ways people in that community communicate and argue. In this paper I will prove that I entered the discourse community of my high school soccer team by acquiring knowledge, establishing my credibility, and learning the game I love. In other words, I will be using the ethos, logos, and pathos appeals. I love to play soccer and watch the professionals who play on TV. I have played since I was ten years old and always played in a city league team. The requirements of being part of the team were simple but at the same time very hard. I was recently part of my high school soccer team, the Crowley Eagles. People might
In South Central, Los Angeles, there is a food epidemic taking place among the population. For miles and miles, the only easily attainable food source is fast food; causing the overconsumption of un-nutritious, greasy, and fattening food. This is the problem brought to the public’s attention by speaker Ron Finley in his Ted Talks speech, “A Guerilla Gardener in South Central L.A.” Finley explains how everywhere he looks in his native South Central, all he sees are fast food chains and Dialysis clinics opened due to the lack of nutritious food. Finley views the lack of a healthy food source as a serious problem, and brings up
I analyzed the infographic “20 Scientific Benefits of Meditation,” from the Adrenal Fatigue Solution website and the infographic “Health Care Food Purchasing Power” created by Health Care Without Harm and Kaiser Permanente. Both of these infographics have elements of logos, pathos, and ethos incorporated in them. There are also details including colour and text which contribute to their overall efficacy. Furthermore, research from other sources was used to support and deny the validity of the infographics.
A discourse community is said to be resistant to internal criticism and self-scrutiny because all ideas that severely contrast the values and beliefs within the community are defined as being on the outside, as demonstrated in the texts. “The Discourse itself defines what counts as acceptable criticism” (Gee 162). All of the articles use similar rhetorical strategies by describing a problem in shared thinking; the common conception that the
Promptly from the very beginning, feeling of formal writing strikes in mind while reading the paper and it is maintained throughout the whole writing. Coherence, clarity and attention grabber particularly at the onset of first paragraph through definition of discourse community, in the fifth paragraph via counterargument and many examples of real life experiences makes the paper interesting and always engaging to read. These are the strengths of this paper.
stress and to relieve anxiety varies from one person to another” (p. 1). The author
Nevertheless, discourse plays a crucial role in the rhetorical analysis process, as Grant Davie explains, the process goes from establishing the subject to identifying where discourse comes from and finally evaluating its importance and point. Moreover, the chamber of commerce is trying to get primarily affluent individuals to move down to Winter Park, Florida. Moreover, to persuade them that living in Winter Park is everyone’s stereotypical American
A child’s teacher has taken the child’s parents aside to talk about concerns taking place in the classroom related to the child’s ability to pay attention in class. When hearing news such as this it can be devastating to a parent or caregiver. For this reason, among others, it is important to have a reliable and easily understood source for information. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is one such source available for information seekers that readily providers a source of truth. Their sites include informational webpages about important and impactful topics such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This site leverages information sharing using ETHOS, PATHOS, and
Communities may be a home away from home for some members with their own terminology and varying degrees of formality. These groups are usually joined by people for different reasons, some ranging from socializing to the acquisition of a single dream the group shares. Some groups even have members who are either expert in their communities focus or are members who are eager and ready to learn. For some of these communities, this form of communication and other factors is what defines them as a discourse community. However, there are communities that share some trait of discourse communities yet they themselves are not. Due to these strict rules about what can and cannot be a discourse community can be hard to discern. Like, for instance, the
What is a discourse community? According to John Swales, a respected written communication analyst, a discourse community is described as a group of people that have the same goals or purposes, and use communication to achieve these goals. In addition, “A discourse operates within conventions defined by communities, be they academic disciplines or social groups” (Swales, 119). This is not be confused with a speech community, “a community sharing knowledge of rules for the conduct and interpretation of speech” (Swales 121). In determining whether or not a group is a discourse community, there are several certain rules, rather a list of criteria, in which
Discourse communities are everywhere. Everywhere we and go and almost everything we do relates or falls into a discourse community of some sort. Whether it’s a long, pointless conversation on the phone with a best friend or being part of a school croquet club, it’s part of a unique discourse community in some way. Every discourse has it’s own distinct qualities and almost all have a different way of communicating. These discourses are strong influences on all of our personalities. The way every human in the world acts and communicates is influenced by one or multiple discourse communities.
Abraham Lincoln’s “Second Inaugural Address” and Emily Dickinson’s “Success is Counted Sweet,” are two inspirational pieces of art that fall under two different types of discourses. The “Second Inaugural Address,” is a great example and definition of what Rhetoric is. It encompasses all four resources of languages- argument, appeal, arrangement, and artistic devices. “Success is Counted Sweet,” doesn’t cover the four resources of language that apply to rhetoric; therefore, it is categorized as a poem.
Discourses are the “social and cultural practices through which individuals and groups use language to establish their identities…they provide ways of being, thinking, acting and using language so that people can identify themselves in social and cultural networks” Discourses affect peoples views on all things, for example, two different
According to Fairclough (1989, 1995), Critical Discourse Analysis is used to analyze communicative events by analyzing the relationship between three dimensions, including the micro dimension, the meso dimension, and the macro dimension.