Postcolonialism
The term ‘postcolonialism’ has become so diverse and unorganized that it is somehow impossible to define it clearly or describe what its study may imply.
Postcolonialism often means anti-colonialism and is synonymous with post-independence. This word has variable implications and may refer to a collection of studies which are always changing. Loomba (1998) said that “it is a vague condition for people anytime and anywhere all over the world”. The dependence of this theory on the literary, cultural and post structural theories makes it even vaguer (p. 17).
Post-colonialism may then refer in part to the period after colonialism, but the question arise: after whose colonialism? After the end of which colonial empire? Isn’t it unacceptably
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He claims that this implication covers the fact that this word belongs to the political theory and that it is also assigned to the period after decolonization (16).
The implications of ‘post’ in postcolonialism have always been a matter of discussion. Most critics claim that the word postcolonialism concerns the processes, effects of and reactions to colonialism from the sixteenth century up to the neo-colonialism of the present day.
Loomba (1998) believes that the ‘post’ in postcolonialism has two implications. The first one is temporal and indicates that post colonialism is the aftermath of colonialism; the second one is a substitution for the first one and is a matter of discussion among critics. It somehow indicates that a country can be both postcolonial which is formally independent and neo-colonial which is culturally and economically dependent (p. 7).
Childs & Williams (1997) declared that one meaning of post in post-colonialism can be related to those theories which are not chronological but consider this word conceptually. In this sense it relates to every text which its concept transcends or goes beyond the colonialism (p.
It is reasonably hard to measure the extent of the influence that imperialism has had on the contemporary world, at least due to the fact that imperialism shaped the appearance of the modern world, starting from the name of places and geographical boundaries, to the establishment of a globalized economic system. Accordingly, European colonization has left its mark on many parts of the world, especially by providing a strong foundation for the formation of a cultural universalization, substantial changes in the education system, an occurrence of a language hierarchy, and the emergence of a world economic system (Osterhammel and Petersson 2005, pg. 73-77). Through altered societal structures, a restricted access to education, substantial changes to the cultural values of colonized countries, and the special division of the labor market, the age of imperialism has had an outsized impact on the modern developing world, perhaps more than any other particular age.
Canada was colonized by the British in the 17th century for economic exploitation purposes. Postcolonism looks the impact of colonixation on native settles after the colonizers rule is abolished. In Canada, Aboriginals were forced on to reserves, their land was taken through deceit and their children were sent to residential schools in order to assimilate them and end the ‘Indian Problem’.
Colonization can be dated back to 1492 with the Spanish venture led by Columbus. Colonialism is defined as “The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically” (Oxford Dictionary).This expedition spread European influence worldwide, in places such as China, Lebanon, India, and Antigua. European influence is still prevalent today through the crossing of racial lines and shifting of cultures towards a more ‘civilized’ way of living. Colonialism is still prevalent today, in the form of postcolonialism. Postcolonialism can be defined as America’s benefaction to nations worldwide that include dynamic influences in things such as: government, culture, education and economy. One of the concepts erected from colonialism is globalization. Since globalization is a direct effect of colonialism, it is no surprise that globalization influences the same categories as postcolonialism (government, culture, education and economy), making the two concepts almost synonymous— with minimal differences. Globalization is defined as the integration of economics and communications of nations through increased contact by technology. Globalization dominates the economic and social side of the field while postcolonialism dwells in the cultural and educational aspects. This European ‘gift’ has contributed to global conflicts,
The study of British colonialism is a rather new field with much to discuss and a lot more to debate. The recent recognition of new nation-states that were once under the control of Britain was a growing phenomenon and one that continues to play a large role in today’s global politics. Since the rather recent period of these new nations, new study’s have been done into the history of a) the peoples that inhabited the land before Britain, b) the way Britain occupied and control and land, and now c) post-Britain. This is a growing topic in the historical field because seventy-five years ago there was no thought that Britain would relieve control of India or Nigeria. That is why post-British colonialism is important to today, because it is a
It therefore becomes difficult to integrate a country’s ‘independence’ and post-colonialism. On one hand post-colonialism is used to refer to the following periods after independence gained by the colonized nation and on the other hand post-colonialism is associated with opposing and resistance moves against colonial rule by the colonized nation. In this case, independence is only used to refer to the setup of a free government by the local people without the influence of the imperial power. It is however argued that even though the period of obtaining independence for a country is considered as a post-colonialism historic movement, it does not necessarily imply full independence from the influence of colonial rule (Ashcroft et al.,116). This takes into consideration that currently some countries even after obtaining independence in terms of the time period, they still rely on their colonial masters mainly for financial aid.
A good text should be crafted in such a way that it commands a certain extent of rhetorical force in a bid to acquire the expected influence on the intended audience. This force exudes from the sensitivity of the issues addressed in a text, the language used, the credibility of the facts used, and the ability of the author to present the ideas in a manner that passes the test of time. The four texts reviewed in this essay manifest great rhetorical force in the way they handle the concept of postcolonialism. The varying authors used different methods to reinforce their views by appealing to various groups of readers and contributors in postcolonial discussions.
Some topics that pertain to postcolonialism can oftentimes be somewhat difficult to grasp because of complexity that is required to describe them. Rudyard Kipling makes understanding a topic a whole lot easier because of his ability to write short stories and connect them to any postcolonial topics that he so chooses. For example, his short stories “Haunted Subalterns” and “The Mark of the Beast” have allowed me to better get a hold on the idea of the postcolonial topic of the subaltern. Along with them, I have found a few scholarly articles that have also contributed to improving my knowledge and understanding of what the subaltern really is. Ultimately, the question that I would like to grapple with is: Can the subaltern theme in Mark of the Beast be compared to that in Haunted Subalterns? The postcolonial definition of the subaltern from a postcolonial lens is the subordination of native people to the point where they are left powerless and without a voice. The subaltern in postcolonial studies is a very interesting topic because it can be intriguing how a native person can be stripped of the credibility that their words have and the power that every human being should be granted due to the way that colonizers can make them feel. Throughout the paper I will include an in depth description of what the subaltern means and other ways that it can be interpreted. Also, as I previously stated, I will analyze two of Rudyard Kipling’s short stories and connect
Through research, you can learn that postcolonial discourse is an “academic discipline that analyzes the cultural legacies of colonialism and of imperialism.” It is made up of theories found amongst “history anthropology, philosophy, linguistics, film, political science, architecture, human geography, sociology, Marxist theory, feminism, religious and theological studies, and literature.” An understanding of postcolonial discourse could be what colonized societies handed down to succeeding generations after them that has become significant to their culture.
However, to solely conceptualize colonialism as a set of governance projects based on the dispossession of indigenous peoples from their spaces for the purposes of installing settlements and extracting resources would be a gross simplification of colonialism. To do so would be to ignore how the colonization of indigenous territories by European settlers was an ideologically and culturally contested process as much as it was a material one. As explained by Said (1995), imperialism and colonialism were both supported by ideological formations that were comprised of notions that indigenous peoples and territories require and beseech domination (p. 9). Expanding on this analysis, Jacobs (1996) discusses how racialized notions of the Self and the Other were the building blocks for the hierarchies of power under colonialism, as negative constructions of the
Through the study of post colonialism, the audience gains insight to both the perspectives of the colonisers and the colonised, which subsequently broadens our views. Through this understanding, the audience is able grasp the culture of the colonised and to feel empathetic towards the “other” which ultimately leads to acceptance of diversity. Differences must be embraced for social cohesion to achieve positive interactions and a balanced and strong society. In addition, an individual is made aware of the actions of themselves and others and can refrain from applying a detrimental and impartial attitude towards other human beings
Imperialism is a political development in which one nation or power subjugates another in direct or indirect ways, suppressing its political sovereignty and integrating its economy into the conqueror’s. Colonialism is the formalization of this process (Walter, 2008, pp. 340-349). Although generally thought to be a thing of the past, imperialism and colonialism – especially “liberal imperialism” – still exist and are very influential in world affairs today (Cox, 2013). This paper will examine the phenomenon of European imperialism of the last five centuries, its causes, tactics, goals, progression, opposition and its state and consequences today. It concludes that European imperialism is still a significant reality of global affairs and it will continue to have far-reaching effects far into the distant future.
Metropolitan areas exhibit an amazing diversity of features, economic structures, amounts of infrastructure, historic roots, patterns of development, and degrees of conventional planning. Yet, lots of the problems that they deal with are strikingly acquainted. For example, as metropolitan areas grow, they grow to be increasingly diverse.
In the Discourse on Colonialism, Cesaire illustrates a compelling relationship between colonized states and the proletariat class. He conveys that the proletariat socio-economic class allows for the possible unification of society against the powers of colonialism. Interestingly, the comparison reflects as these elements extend from constructed illusions to unequivocal creeds. By isolating and juxtaposing the two groups, Cesaire is able to elaborate on how he believes that race and class unite to dominate 'inferior subjects' in nations throughout the globe. Throughout the essay, Cesaire provides reasoning for the socially constructed experiences of those dictated by colonial imperialism, particularly Africans, and proletarian conflicts in
In The Empire Writes Back (Ashcroft, et al.), the term ‘post-colonial’ is defined as covering “all the culture affected by the imperial process from the moment of colonization to the present day”. Post-colonial theory, then, provides an insight into the complicated power dynamic that occurs between the coloniser and the colonised, and, at its simplest, responds to colonialism with emphasis on the effects, both positive and negative, on the coloniser and the colonised. Having read Jones’s Mister Pip with a post-colonial lens, it becomes clear that Mr Watts and Matilda are a metaphor for the coloniser and the colonised. Within this metaphor, they each take on unbalanced roles in different relationships, and are represented in different ways, though Mr
This reflection will discuss the concept of colonialism and post-colonialism, with a particular focus on the impact in planning. Although both concepts are not new, Ania Loomba in her book “Colonialism and Post Colonialism” provides a more exhaustive research on the regards. She argues that colonialism is the physical occupation of territory whereas post colonialism deals with effect of colonization on culture and societies. She also expanded the concepts including two new terms imperialism and Neo-colonialism. This is not only a semantic discussion but also a way to raise awareness of the (over)simplification that many authors have applied to studies in this field.