Effects Of Depression On High Income Countries

Thesis: Postpartum depression is a mood disorder that can greatly effect new mothers. Knowing how to recognize their symptoms and treating it can greatly increase chances of a healthy, happy living.

Postpartum depression is one of the most commons disorders in the early few weeks of child birth. According to the American Psychology Association almost 1 in 7 women are Likely to inherit the disorder. Postpartum depression is caused by the rapid drop of estrogen and progestrone hormone following the birth of a child. The effects include excessive crying without reasoning, irritability, anxiety, loss of memory, and the inability to focus. Within the early weeks of child birth it is expected for a mother embrace her baby however;  The symptoms of postpartum depression can cause intrusive thoughts that can harm both mother and child. Many women suffer from the postpartum due to the lack of a support system. It is likely that if a mother doesn't

Often the time after birth is a filled with joy and happiness due to the arrival of a new baby. However, for some mothers the birth of a baby leads to some complicated feelings that are unexpected. Up to 85% of postpartum woman experience a mild depression called “baby blues” (Lowdermilk, Perry, Cashion, & Alden, 2012). Though baby blues is hard on these mothers, another form of depression, postpartum depression, can be even more debilitating to postpartum woman. Postpartum depression affects about 15% (Lowdermilk et al., 2012) of postpartum woman. This disorder is not only distressing to the mother but to the whole family unit. This is why it is important for the nurse to not only recognize the signs and symptoms of a mother with postpartum depression, but also hopefully provide preventative care for the benefit of everyone involved.

Postpartum depression, which is the most prevalent of all maternal depressive disorders, is said to be the hidden epidemic of the 21st century. (1) Despite its high prevalence rate of 10-15% and increased incidence, postpartum depression often goes undetected, and thus untreated. (2) Nearly 50% of postpartum depression cases are untreated. As a result, these cases are put at a high risk of being exposed to the severe and progressive nature of their depressive disorder. (3) In other words, the health conditions of untreated postpartum depression cases worsen and progress to one of their utmost stages, and they are: postpartum obsessive compulsive disorder, postpartum panic disorder, postpartum post traumatic stress, and postpartum psychosis.

The birthing process generally leaves women with overwhelming joy and happiness. However, some women do experience a period of postpartum blues lasting for a few days or at most a couple of weeks but goes away with the adjustment of having a baby (Postpartum Depression, 2013). A condition called Postpartum Depression Disorder (PPD) leaves a dark gray cloud over 10-20% of woman after birth that is recognized in individuals 3 weeks to a year after the delivery of their baby (Bobo & Yawn, 2014). PPD leaves new mothers feeling lonely, anxious, and hopeless (Bobo at el, 2014). Postpartum Depression is a cross cutting disorder that can affect any woman after the delivery of a baby regardless of race, socioeconomic status, age, or education level (Postpartum Depression, 2013). Although this disorder affects more than 10% of women the article Concise Review for Physicians and Other Clinicians: Postpartum Depression reports that less than half of women with PPD are actually diagnosed with this condition (Bobo at el, 2014). It is important that postpartum women and their support systems receive education on what PPD consist of and ways to recognize the signs and symptoms of PPD so that a diagnosis is not overlooked. Early diagnosis is important because early recognition and treatment of the disorder yields for better results when treating individuals with PPD. In this paper I will deliver information about PPD based on recent literature,

Postpartum depression is a mood disorder in females that is known to be present within the 4 to 6 weeks after childbirth (Battle et al). This condition is the most common complication after childbirth (Mosses-Kolko et al.,2009).Studies have shown predictors which lead to postpartum depression such as maternal childhood maltreatment and lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)in pregnancy (Seng 2013).A variety of factors exist among certain subgroups of women that may lead to postpartum depression. Postpartum depression affects approximately “one out of eight of the more than four million women who give birth in the United States every year”(Kruse et al. 2013a). The estimation of PPD in the US, UK, and Australia is from 7% to 20 % (Fitelson

Estimates of the prevalence of postpartum depression range from 13% to 19% (O 'Hara & McCabe, 2013). However, major depressive episodes may go undiagnosed in 65% of pregnant women ( (Ko, Farr, Dietz, & Robbins, 2012). It is important for pregnant women and new mothers to undergo depression screening to be diagnosed and treated early if they are experiencing any symptoms of depression. Depression during pregnancy is associated with a higher risk of inadequate nutrition, poor weight gain, inadequate prenatal care, preterm birth, surgical birth and low birth weight babies (Wirz-Justice, et al., 2011). The newborns have a higher rate of neonatal intensive care admissions and increased risk of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral disorders (Wirz-Justice, et al., 2011).

Pregnant women will be investigated to see if postpartum depression can be predicted and possibly prevented. The investigation will examine postpartum case histories, and academic journal articles, and secondary sources such as, text books and websites. Through this investigation, woman can find out triggers to avoid and possible warning signs in pregnancy that could possibly predict for postpartum depression. Being able to predict postpartum depression women can prevent the possibility of facing postpartum depression.

Since mothers are unaware of what postpartum depression is, this creates internal stigma as they believe that they are bad mothers for feeling this way. However, with knowledge, this can diminish internal stigma and eventually help mothers to overcome the fear of not seeking professional help. The information tab will provide a brief summary of explanations researchers have about the causes of postpartum depressions such as identifying the biological and psychosocial factors that influence it. Links from credible news websites will be implemented in the tab to provide the latest news concerning postpartum depression and encourage mothers to seek professional help. In addition, I plan to add the link Babble.com, a website that is dedicated to providing information and advice in parenting and the prenatal period. With this tab enforced, mothers can access reliable information and know that the condition they are going through not something that should be buried and taken

Pregnancy and childbirth is a miraculous part of everyday life. The female body is able to carry a developing baby and bring another life into the world. However along with this great phenomenon, can come illness and mood disorders. Postpartum Depression is a serious and very common mental health problem that affects women after giving birth. It is a period of time when the new mother experiences changes in her hormonal level and develops signs of depression. Based on previous medical and personal history, certain women are believed to be at a high risk for Postpartum Depression. The DSM lists multiple symptoms of Postpartum Depression that are similar to those of other depression mood disorders. Research and experiments have been done to learn more about the risks, symptoms and treatment methods of Postpartum Depression.

This research was aimed at identifying women that have predisposing factors that can lead to postpartum -depression and comparing them with samples that had lower risk factors. My observation in reference to this question is that no one is exempt. There are many physical and emotional issues that can affect women during their postpartum period because of the different hormonal changes in her body. Events that could have affected this question is dishonest from the participants in reference to demographic, health and mental status, etc. The author states “ factors to be associated with moderate to high risk of PPD include depression, anxiety during pregnancy, stressful life events, low levels of social support, and the personality factor of neuroticism. ( Katon, Russo & Gavin, 2014)

Elated one minute, depressed the next is one common scenario observable in mothers who recently delivered a baby. Women manifest mood swings or “baby blues” in the few days after childbirth. It is an identified psychological postpartum complication in new mothers. According to BC Reproductive Mental Health Program (2011), eighty percent (80 %) of women report to be experiencing postpartum blues within 3-5 days after giving birth. During this time frame, rapid mood swings, feeling of helplessness, disturbed sleep pattern or difficulty to sleep, and crying for no reason are common signs which are considered normal on women having the postpartum blues. This is a transient phenomenon which self-resolves within 10-14 days with no medical intervention required (Rai, S., Pathak, A., & Sharma, I., 2015). Although its etiology remains unidentified to date, biochemical, psychological, social and, cultural factors are not excluded as contributors to this condition.

Ans.1) Postnatal depression is a clinical practice term describes the signs and symptoms which women may experience after childbirth. It effects majority of females but 4-25% of new fathers also affected by depression. Postnatal depression (PND) has a major impact on maternal physical and mental health. It affects around 12 to15% of all childbearing women in Australia. The prevalence may vary 3% to 30% depends assessment time. There are about 250,000 births each year in Australia, from which at least 25,000 to 50,000 women are likely to be affected by PND every year (Yelland, Sutherland, & Brown,2010).In 40% to 70% cases, the onset of postnatal depression arise in first 3 months. It often persist for many months. 25% to 60%of cases remit

The research problem the researchers are purposing is that there is a need to find acceptable and efficient treatments to prevent the long-term effects of postpartum depression (PPD) in mother-child interaction and the development of the child. This study is essential to nursing because it is nurses that may initially detect PPD in postpartum patients, as well, early detection is crucial to get treatment right away. The nurse can play a significant role in ensuring that his or her patient receives proper treatment.

Postpartum depression is a serious maternal mental health issue that negatively impacts new mothers, their infants, and family (Leger & Letourneau, 2015). Maternal depression causes difficulties in feeding, sleeping, and long episodes of crying in the baby. It can also impact the child’s cognitive, social and behavioral development (Baldwin & Kelly, 2015).